Key Figures
He believed humans have intrinsic value as rational beings, but nature only has instrumental value.
Immanuel Kant
This theory sees nature as having value only when it serves human needs.
Anthropocentrism
Ecofeminism is sometimes criticized for assuming all women feel this way about nature.
a natural closeness or connection (essentialism)
If a forest is cut to feed a nearby village, this theory would most likely support it.
Anthropocentrism
He introduced the “land ethic,” emphasizing that humans are part of a broader ecological community.
Aldo Leopold
This theory values entire ecosystems, not just individual organisms.
Ecocentrism
A critique of Deep Ecology is that it may ignore this human issue.
social justice or poverty
This ethical view would oppose deforestation to protect the entire ecosystem.
Ecocentrism
A pioneer of ecofeminism who connected the domination of women to the exploitation of nature.
Françoise d’Eaubonne
A theory that sees all living beings as morally equal.
Biocentrism
Ecocentrism may lead to this controversial action, like removing invasive species.
sacrificing individuals for ecosystem health
If a government bans pesticides to protect bees and birds, it's reflecting this theory.
Biocentrism
The Norwegian philosopher who developed the theory of Deep Ecology in the 1970s.
Arne Næss
This environmental view encourages self-realization through nature and radical lifestyle change.
Deep Ecology
Biocentrism is often criticized for focusing only on this type of moral unit.
the individual organism
A spiritual leader calls on people to live simply and care for the Earth. This reflects which view?
Stewardship
As U.S. President, he championed national parks and conservation, laying foundations for modern environmental policy.
Theodore Roosevelt
This theory connects the oppression of women with the exploitation of nature.
Ecofeminism
This theory is criticized for justifying environmental destruction for human gain.
Anthropocentrism
A protest led by women against corporate pollution harming their community aligns with this theory.
Ecofeminism