Enzymes and Catalysis
A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed or changed.
What is a catalyst?
The sum of all chemical reactions occurring in a living organism.
What is metabolism?
Increasing this variable raises molecular motion, leading to more substrate collisions.
What is temperature?
A molecule that binds to the enzyme's active site, competing with the substrate.
What is a competitive inhibitor?
The location on an enzyme where substrates bind and reactions occur.
What is the active site?
Enzymes lower this energy barrier to speed up reactions.
What is activation energy?
These pathways break down macromolecules into smaller units.
What are catabolic pathways?
A change in this can denature an enzyme by altering its ionic bonds.
What is pH?
Statins act as this type of inhibitor to reduce cholesterol levels.
What is a competitive inhibitor?
This model explains how both enzyme and substrate adjust shapes to fit.
What is the induced-fit model?
This is why enzymes can be reused in multiple reactions.
What is because they are not altered during the reaction?
The process of protein synthesis is an example of this type of pathway.
What is an anabolic pathway?
Increasing this variable increases the reaction rate until all active sites are occupied.
What is substrate concentration?
These inhibitors bind to an enzyme at a site other than the active site.
What are non-competitive inhibitors?
These random events bring substrates and enzymes together in the cytoplasm.
What are random collisions?
What is because they are not altered during the reaction?
What are globular proteins?
Enzymes regulate metabolism by doing this when they aren’t needed.
What is Questionorarily stopping or reducing production?
This term describes the unfolding and loss of function of an enzyme.
What is denaturation?
This inhibition involves irreversible binding, altering the active site permanently.
What is mechanism-based inhibition?
This metabolic pathway is an example of a cycle rather than a linear process.
What is the Krebs cycle or the Calvin cycle?
These interactions between substrate and enzyme allow a better fit during binding.
What is the induced-fit model?
High levels of an end product deactivate the first enzyme in this process.
What is feedback inhibition?
Sketch graphs can model this relationship between variables in enzyme experiments.
What is the effect of temperature, pH, or substrate concentration on enzyme activity?
Penicillin inhibits bacterial enzymes by this mechanism.
What is irreversible, mechanism-based inhibition?
These are the two types of metabolic pathways in organisms.
What are linear and cyclical pathways?