LANDMARK CASES
landmark case/decision by the U.S. Supreme Court that ruled African Americans, whether enslaved or free, were not citizens of the United States and therefore did not have the right to sue in federal court (1857)
Dred Scott v. Sandford
the landmark case/decision by the U.S. Supreme Court that required law enforcement officials to inform the accused of their constitutional rights to remain silent and to have an attorney (1966)
Miranda v. Arizona
the procedure to see if the U.S. Supreme Court will hear a case; a writ of certiorari is issued when a higher level court agrees to hear an appeal of an inferior court’s decision
writ of certiorari
the power of a court to be the first to hear a case on a specific topic
original jurisdiction
The practice of spying on or stealing information from another country to gain political and/or military advantage. Examples-Hacking,ccyber attacks,cwiretapping or eavesdropping,cundercover agents
Espionage
the landmark case/decision by the U.S. Supreme Court that upheld the 6th Amendment right that all defendants must be appointed a lawyer if they cannot afford their own attorney (1963)
Gideon v. Wainwright
the landmark case/decision by the U.S. Supreme Court that determined that “separate but equal” segregation laws did not violate the U.S. Constitution (1896)
Plessy v. Ferguson
a formal written document typically issued by a legal authority with administrative or judicial powers
what is writ
the principle that the government has to provide a cause or reason for holding a person in jail
habeas corpus
A penalty for disobeying an international rule, law, or norm. Example-freezing assets, travel and visa restrictions, an embargo on the import and/or export of goods
Sanctions
the landmark case/decision by the U.S. Supreme Court that determined that the 1st Amendment does not protect all types of student speech in school (1988)
Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier
the landmark case/decision by the U.S. Supreme Court that established the clear and present danger doctrine, which limits an individual’s freedom of speech as it affects public good or safety (1919)
Schenck v. United States
the process through which potential jurors are questioned by either the judge or lawyers to determine their suitability for jury service
what is void dire
the power to hear appeals of cases which have been tried in lower courts
appellate jurisdiction
Help focused on improving the health and/or wellbeing of other people. Humanitarian efforts can include providing food, medical care and supplies, education and other necessities to either a group of people or entire nation in need. Example- providing food, shelter, safe drinking water, improved sanitation and/or hygiene, emergency healthcare services, child protection programs, education
Humanitarian Aid
the landmark case/decision by the U.S. Supreme Court that determined that juvenile defendants are entitled to due process and 14th Amendment protections (1967)
In re Gault
the landmark case/decision by the U.S. Supreme Court that further defined and limited executive privilege (1974)
United States v. Nixon
a defendant's or lawyer's objection to a proposed juror, made without needing to give a reason
peremptory challenge
the prosecution of a defendant for a criminal offense for which they have already been tried; prohibited by the 5th Amendment to the U. S. Constitution
double jeopardy
Utilizing military forces to wage war, defend our nation or others, and/or maintain a peacekeeping presence in another country or region. Example- invading another country, defending another country, using the military to keep peace between two different sides
military action
the landmark case/decision by the U.S. Supreme Court that established the principle of judicial review (1803)
Marbury v. Madison
the landmark case/decision by the U.S. Supreme Court that ruled “separate but equal” segregation was not equal in public education (1954)
Brown v. Board of Education
a trial jury for both civil and criminal cases that listens to evidence offered and returns a verdict
petit jury
the work of keeping good relations between the governments of different countries
diplomacy
Enforcing a truce or armistice between nations or groups within a nation by utilizing military force, typically an international coalition. Example - conflict prevention and mediation, peacemaking, peace enforcement, peacebuilding
Peacekeeping Operations