Vocab
These organisms are always small, simple, and unicellular
What are prokaryotes?
All living organisms use this organelle to express their genes
What are ribosomes?
This group of biomolecules is used for fast-burning energy in most living organisms
What are carbohydrates?
The light reactions of photosynthesis occur here
What are the thylakoids?
These are the two major pathways that cellular respiration can occur
What is 1) aerobic respiration (when oxygen is present) and 2) anaerobic respiration (when no oxygen is present)?
These organisms can be unicellular or multicellular; always have membrane-bound organelles and DNA in the form of chromosomes
Who are eukaryotes?
This is the organelle that is used during photosynthesis
What is the chloroplast?
List the four major biomolecules found in all living organisms
What are proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids?
Write the full chemical equation for photosynthesis and explain if it is anabolic or catabolic
What is 'CO2 + H2O + light energy --> C6H12O6 + O2;' this is an anabolic reaction because is uses energy to build up larger molecules from smaller molecules?'
If oxygen is present in the cell, these are the three major steps of cellular respiration and how much ATP is created at each step
What is 1) glycolysis (2 ATP) 2) Citric acid/Krebs cycle (2 ATP), 3) electron transport chain (34 ATP)?
This is the broadest level of taxonomic organization
What is the domain?
This organelle is the 'headquarters' that controls movement during cell division
What is the centriole/centrosome?
These three factors affect (slow down) the ability of enzymes to do their jobs
What is 1) temperature, 2) acidity, 3) concentration of enzymes and substrates?
This is the definition of carbon fixation
What is 'the process by which autotrophs turn gaseous, inaccessible carbon (CO2) into a solid, accessible form of carbon (glucose)?'
This is why all living things must go through cellular respiration
What is 'because all living organisms require energy to maintain homeostasis, reproduce, grow and develop, respond to stimuli, and metabolize?
List the four types of proteins found in the cell membrane
What are 1) cell surface markers, 2) enzymes, 3) receptor proteins, and 4) transport proteins?
These organelles are made of two smaller sub-units that are held together using rRNA during the process of translation
What are ribosomes?
What biomolecules are always found in/on the cell membrane
What are 1) lipids, 2) proteins, and 3) carbohydrates?
These two molecules are created during the light reactions of photosynthesis and are used to power the Calvin cycle
What are 1) ATP and 2) NADPH?
Is glycolysis an oxygen-dependent step? Why or why not?
What is 'no - because glycolysis can occur whether or not there is oxygen present in the cell?'
List five major types of cell transport discussed in class this year
What are 1) simple diffusion, 2) facilitated diffusion, 3) osmosis, 4) membrane pumps, and 5) vesicle formation (endocytosis and exocytosis?)
This is why mitochondria are considered to be the 'powerhouse of the cell'
What is 'because they produce chemical energy for the cell; several important sets of reactions happen in and outside of the mitochondria that produce large amounts of ATP?'
In addition to C3 photosynthesis, these two other forms of photosynthesis have also been observed AND this is how they separate the light and dark reactions
What is 1) C4 photosynthesis (separates light and dark reactions across space into two different types of specialized cells) and 2) CAM photosynthesis (separates light and dark reactions across time - day vs. night)?
When there is no oxygen present in the cell, organisms can do through one of the following anaerobic pathways
What is 1) lactic acid fermentation and 2) alcoholic fermentation?