West and Settlement
This 1862 law offered 160 acres of public land to settlers who would live on and improve the land for five years; name it.
Homestead Act (Homestead Act of 1862)
Name the Supreme Court case (1896) that upheld state laws requiring racial segregation under the “separate but equal” doctrine.
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
The practice of awarding government jobs to political supporters is called the ________ system.
Spoils
This immigrant processing center in New York Harbor handled millions of arrivals from Europe; name it.
Ellis Island
This investigative writer exposed abuses in the meatpacking industry and led to public outcry and reform; name the author.
Upton Sinclair
This major transportation project completed in 1869 connected the East and West coasts and accelerated settlement; name the project.
Transcontinental Railroad
This informal political agreement ended federal Reconstruction in 1877 and led to the withdrawal of federal troops from the South; name it. AND as a result of this agreement, how will that affect life in the South?
Compromise of 1877; will lead to Jim Crow laws being implemented and rise of racial segregation
Describe one way Andrew Carnegie and one way J.P. Morgan shaped the steel or finance industries, respectively.
Carnegie: mass-produced steel, vertical integration, philanthropy; Morgan: financier who reorganized industries, consolidated banks and trusts, financed major mergers.
Name the West Coast immigration facility that processed many Asian immigrants, often more harshly than its East Coast counterpart.
Angel Island
Which president is known for the “Square Deal” and for using the presidency to regulate corporations and conserve natural resources?
Theodore Roosevelt
Explain one way the Homestead Act and the Transcontinental Railroad worked together to encourage westward settlement.
Railroads provided transportation and markets; the Homestead Act provided land — together they made settlement feasible and economically attractive.
Define “disenfranchisement” and list two methods used in the South after Reconstruction to prevent Black citizens from voting.
Disenfranchisement = denying the right to vote. Methods: literacy tests, poll taxes, grandfather clauses, white primaries, intimidation/violence.
The Pendleton Act (1883) created what kind of reform in federal hiring?
Civil service reform: competitive exams and merit-based hiring (Pendleton Civil Service Act).
Contrast one “push” factor and one “pull” factor that motivated immigrants to come to the United States in this era.
Push: religious persecution, economic hardship, political unrest; Pull: jobs, land opportunities, political/religious freedom.
Name two political reforms adopted during the Progressive Era that changed how citizens participate in government.
Examples: initiative, referendum, recall, and the direct primary.
Identify two impacts the railroad had on Native American communities and on cattle ranching or agriculture.
Impacts (Examples): forced displacement of tribes, increased conflicts; railroads opened markets for cattle/agriculture, enabling ranching boom and shipment of beef to East.
Who were the Exodusters and what was the role of Benjamin “Pap” Singleton in encouraging migration?
Exodusters were Black migrants (mainly from the South) who moved to Kansas and other Plains states after Reconstruction; Benjamin “Pap” Singleton organized and promoted mass migration and settlement for Black independence.
Explain how political machines like Tammany Hall maintained power in cities, including at least two tactics they used.
Machines provided services and jobs in exchange for votes, used patronage, graft, control of ballots, and sometimes bribery and intimidation to maintain power.
Explain two reasons nativism grew in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and give one example of restrictive legislation or policy aimed at immigrants.
Nativism rose due to job competition fears, cultural differences, and political concerns; examples: Chinese Exclusion Act (1882), literacy tests, informal discrimination.
Identify one major achievement of the Progressive movement related to income tax or direct election of senators and name the corresponding amendment.
16th Amendment (income tax), 17th Amendment (direct election of senators).
Analyze one economic and one demographic consequence of rapid western settlement caused by government policies and railroad expansion.
Example economic consequence: growth of new farming and mining economies; Example demographic consequence: rapid population increases, boomtowns, more diverse settlers (including immigrants and freedpeople).
Explain how Jim Crow laws, lynching, and court rulings like Plessy v. Ferguson combined to affect civil rights and political power for Black Americans after Reconstruction.
Jim Crow laws legally enforced segregation; lynching and violence suppressed Black civic life; Plessy provided legal cover for segregation, all reducing civil rights and political power.
Analyze how the business practices of trusts and monopolies affected consumers, workers, and competition, and name one government law that addressed these concerns.
Trusts reduced competition, often raising prices and lowering wages; consumers sometimes suffered from higher prices, workers faced poor conditions; Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 targeted monopolistic combinations (Clayton Act later in 1914 expanded provisions).
Describe the living and working conditions in urban ethnic neighborhoods and explain how reformers like Jacob Riis tried to draw public attention to them.
Many immigrants lived in crowded tenements, worked long hours for low pay; Jacob Riis photographed and wrote about tenement conditions to push for housing reform.
Explain the role of Tennessee in the passage of the 19th Amendment and name one suffrage leader active in the state or nationally.
Tennessee was the final state needed to ratify the 19th Amendment in 1920, earning the nickname “Perfect 36.” Notable suffrage leaders: Carrie Chapman Catt, Alice Paul; Anne Dallas Dudley was prominent in Tennessee.