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Natural Progression of Disease
Case Control Studies
Judging Whether an Association is Causal
Identifying the Cause of the Disease
Causal Inferences
100
The first step in the Natural Progression of Disease
What is Biological onset?
100
A group in a study unaffected by the disease
What is a control
100
If the relationship is causal, we would expect to find it consistently in different studies and in different populations.
What is Replication of the findings?
100
The first approach in determining whether an association exists might be to conduct studies of group characteristics.
What is Ecologic Studies?
100
Any systematic error in the design that results in mistaken estimate of an exposure's effect on the risk of disease.
What is bias?
200
The phase BEFORE the infected person seeks medical treatment
What is the Pre-Clinical phase
200
the group being studied with the disease
What are cases
200
If a factor is believed to be the cause of a disease, exposure to the factor must have occured before the disease developed.
What is Temporal Relationship?
200
Ascribing the characteristics of a group to every individual in that group
What is Ecologic fallacy?
200
In this type of bias, an apparent association is observed between the selected cases and controls.
What is Selection bias?
300
Biological Onset - Evidence if sought- Signs/Symptoms appear- Medical Care sought - Diagnosis -Treatment - Ens result.
What is Natural History of Disease?
300
Source of error resulting from difficulty remembering
What is error due to recall?
300
As the dose of exposure increases, the risk of disease also increases.
What is Dose-Response Relationship?
300
Condition in which, a factor directly causes a disease without any intermediate step.
What is direct causation?
300
In this type of bias, the means for obtaining information about the study subjects is inadequate and the gathered information may be incorrect
what is information bias?
400
when patient receives diagnosis
What is point D
400
In this type of study design, each subject serves as his or her own control.
What is Case-Crossover?
400
This refers to coherence with the current body of biologic knowledge.
What is Biologic Plausibility?
400
A condition in which a factor causes a disease, but only through an intermediate step or steps.
What is indirect causation?
400
An apparent association between disease and exposure caused by a third factor not taken into consideration.
What is Confounding?
500
The start point for calculating the duration of survival
What is the diagnosis
500
The study of groups of individuals differing on the basis of specified criteria (i.e. age) at the same point in time
What is cross-sectional study?
500
If a factor is a cause of a disease, we would expect the risk of the disease to decline when exposure to the factor is reduced or eliminated.
What is Cessation of Exposure?
500
The exposure induces development of the disease.
What is Causal association?
500
A situation in which two or more risk factors modify the effect of each other with regard to the occurence or level of a given outcome.
What is Interaction?