Epidemiology Basics
Define epidemiology
Study of the distribution of disease in a population and what factors influence or determine the distribution
Hepatitis B, sexually transmitted diseases, and COVID-19 are examples of communicable diseases that must be
What are examples of reportable diseases?
Validity
A study that occurs during a "slice in time"
Cross sectional
When is relative risk used?
During Cohort Studies
Who, what, where, when OR person, place, and time
What is descriptive epidemiology?
What is the method for extracting meaningful "take-away" information from the articles that we read?
What is C-R-E-A-T-E?
The probability that someone with a positive test result actually has disease
What is positive predictive value?
The study which should be performed when you need a quick answer or when the disease is rare
Case-control study
What type of measuring risk is used for case-control?
Odds ratio
What are the two fundamental assumptions for epidemiology?
•Disease does not occur at random
•Systematic investigation of different populations can
identify causal and preventive factors
Explain the relationship between prevalence and incidence
–Prevalence ~ Incidence x Duration
•Higher incidence à higher prevalence
•Longer duration à higher prevalence
Calculate the total number of a disease when the prevalence is 10% and the total population is 1,000
100 people have the disease
Considered the "gold standard" study and done to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a treatment
Randomized clinical trials
If you remove the exposure what proportion of disease might you prevent in the entire population?
What is population attributable risk?
Quarterback and guest Jeopardy host who believes in homeopathic immunization?
Who is Aaron Rodgers?
Number of people with a disease in a population at one point in time/ Total in the given population at same point in time
What is prevalence?
Total Population=1000
sensitivity =80%
specificity=80%
Disease prevalence =20%
What is PPV?
50
This is the process of assigning treatment to study participants by chance.
What is randomization?
The likelihood of the occurrence of a particular disease among persons exposed to a given risk factor divided by the corresponding likelihood among unexposed persons.
What is relative risk?
Draw the epidemiological triad of disease
Host, Time, Agent, Environment
Name 5 study designs
•Randomized Clinical Trials (experimental)
•Cohort Studies
•Case-Control Studies
•Cross-sectional (prevalence) Studies
•Ecologic Studies
The proportion of individuals who test negative for a disease using a screening tool who are truly disease free
negative predictive value
An observational study in which subjects are sampled based on the presence of absence of a risk factor of interest; these subjects are followed over time and observed for the development of a disease or outcome of interest.
What is a cohort study?
[a/(a+b)]/[c/(c+d)] is the equation for what statistical measurement
What is relative risk?