Health & Population Indicators
what are health indicators
a marker of health status, service provision, or resource availability
-OR-
a quantifiable metric used to describe the health of a population, the performance of a health system, or the determinants and risk factors of health
what is a case control study
grouping people as cases and controls and investigating whether the cases are more or less likely than the controls to have had past experiences, lifestyle behaviors, or exposures
what is the odds ratio and how do we know the association?
OR= (a/b)/(c/d) = a*d/b*c
if =1 no assoc
if greater than 1 pos. assoc
if less than 1 neg. assoc
last year 1,523 people died in car crashed. Another 80,006 people died in lightning strikes. What is the ratio of people who die in car crashed to lightning strikes
1.9 (if multiplied by 100)
what are the current categories of health indicators
health & well-being
Health resources
collective capacity
resiliency
functionality
what is bias? what are the four different types?
systematic error in collection or interpretation of data
selection, berkson's, neyman's, observation bias
what is the risk ratio?
1. RR+ (a/(a+b))/(c/(c+d))
2. If the answer is greater than 1: RR-1 *100
If the answer is less than 1: 1-RR * 100
3. answer
46,000 people died from baking incidents last year, the entire population was 340.1 million at that same time. What is the mortality rate for baking accidents last year?
.013
what is the birth rate
ratio of total live births to total population in a given area over a specified time period X 1000
what is the case crossover study design
each case serves as their own control, use of time-dependent exposure
what is the timeline of exposure and outcome
exposure ------ outcome
there were 350,000 live births last year, the total population at that time was 336 million. what is the birth rate from last year?
1.042
ratio- A:B - not contained in each other
Por: a/b part/whole
rate: a/b x time
what is a nested case-control study design
case-control "nested" within a cohort design
what is incidence and prevalence
incidence= new cases
prevalence=overall cases
there were 34 million people diagnosed with influenza, at the same time the population was 336 million. what is the incidence rate of influenza in the last year?
101.19 /1000
what is the crude mortality rate
number of deaths during a given time period over the population from which the deaths occurred
what is a cohort study? what is the cohort effect?
•persons who have been exposed followed over time
•cohort effect - variation in disease/health status of a study population as the study groups moves through time
answer the odds ratio and risk ratio for this 2x2
sugar Yes NO
used 345. 268
never used 162 416(i didnt do the math sorry)
if
a=127
b=299
c= 222
d= 247
find the OR and RR for them
OR= 0.473 - less than 1 so not positive association
RR= 36.99
*this is my guess