EPID 301 Jeopardy

Study Designs

100

Participants are randomly assigned to either an intervention or control group to assess the efficacy of a treatment/intervention

What is an RCT?

200

Best suited for assessing a possible association of a rare exposure and an outcome

What is a case-control study?

300

This study is quick and inexpensive to conduct by utilizing existing data of the participants that are followed over time.

What is a retrospective cohort study?

400

Observational study that assess the prevalence of the exposure and outcome in a population at a single point in time.

What is a cross-sectional study?

500

Compares the prevalence of exposure and occurrence of disease in populations or groups of people, NOT individuals 

What is an ecological study design?

Measures

100

(# of people with disease at given point in time) / (total # of people in the population)

What is the prevalence formula?

200

Type of test that measures how well it classifies people without the disease as healthy

What is a specificity test?

300

(a/b) / (c/d)

a = Number of exposed cases

b = Number of unexposed cases

c = Number of exposed controls

d = Number of unexposed controls

What is the odds ratio formula?

400

Measurement that combines the relative risk and the prevalence of the condition in a population

What is the population attributable fraction?

500

Measurements that tells us about the strength of an association but nothing about how much the disease is occurring

What are relative ratio measures? (ex. rate, risk, prevalence ratios)

Biases

100

Can occur in case-control or cross-sectional studies if cases (participants with disease/condition) are more likely to over- or underestimate their exposure than controls (participants without disease/condition)

What is recall bias?

200

A type of selection bias that can occur in occupational studies when workers tend to more robust about their personal health information compared to the general population

What is healthy worker effect/bias?

300

Systematic difference between the people included in a study and those who are not included

What is selection bias?

400

Incorrect classification of exposure/outcome that's random and unrelated to the true exposure or outcome status; Tends to bias estimates of association towards the null, leading to underestimation of the true effect.

What is non-differential misclassification?

500

(blank) error occurs due to lack of accuracy while (blank) error occurs due to lack of precision 

What is systematic and random error? (respectively)

Content

100

A variable that is related to both the exposure and the outcome but not a variable in the causal pathway.

What is a confounding variable?

200

(blank) is the rapid spread of a disease within a specific geographic area or population, while a (blank) spreads across multiple countries or continents, affecting people globally.

What is an epidemic and pandemic? (respectively)

300

A(n) (blank) indicates a sudden increase in the number of cases of a disease beyond what is normally expected in a particular place or time, while a(n) (blank) refers to a group of cases of a disease occurring closely together in time and place, which may or may not exceed the usual number of cases expected.

What is the difference between an outbreak and cluster? (respectively)

400

A level of prevention that improves outcomes by limiting disease progression or providing better rehabilitation

What is tertiary prevention?

500

A large-scale strategy that aims to prevent/reduce health risks of the entire population 

What is mass strategy for prevention?

Definitions

100

A test that separates those who are more likely to have a disease from those who are less likely to have it.

what is a screening test?

200

This reduces bias by preventing only the participants from being influenced by knowledge of which group they are assigned to.

What is single-blinding?

300

(blank) validity: refers to generalizability of the results to the larger population

What is external validity? 

400

The relationship between cause and effect

What is causation?

500

Ongoing systematic collection, collation, analysis and interpretation of data

What is the epidemiological definition of surveillance?