Key Terms
The second step in the scientific method is ___.
Hypothesis
Data with identifying information should be ___ at the end of the study.
Destroyed
The study of epidemiology is used to only describe unhealthy populations.
False (both unhealthy and healthy)
A __ is a person identified as having the particular disease under investigation.
Case
The "golden standard” of observational study design is the ___.
Cohort study
The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related conditions in human populations is known as ___.
Epidemiology
Which of the following is concerned part of the epidemiology triangle?
Agent, Host, and Environment
When the signs and symptoms of a disease are not yet present, this is known as subclinical.
False (preclinical)
The number of existing cases divided by observed population in the same time period is known as ___.
Prevalence proportion
The national government has developed a list of reportable diseases or conditions. When any of these conditions occur, each U.S. state health department sends a report to the ___.
Center of Disease Control (CDC)
The ___ states that the investigator believes there will be no relationship between the study factors and the outcome.
Null hypothesis
___ are organisms (humans or animals) that are exposed to and harbor a disease.
Host
The agent is referred to the external condition that cause/allow disease transmission.
False (environment)
The number of new cases in a given time divided by the population at-risk is known as ___.
Incidence rate
___ is the number of deaths of unborn fetuses among the total number of fetal deaths plus live births in the same 12-month period.
Fetal death rate
___ refers to a disease or condition that affects a greater-than-expected number of individuals at the same time.
Epidemic
Which of the following components is in the center of the epidemiology triangle?
Time
Tertiary prevention helps diagnosis diseases in their early stages, where treatment or lifestyle changes can divert the natural disease course.
False (Secondary prevention)
Change
When an investigator intervenes with the subjects in some way (drug treatment, education programs, or vaccines) it is a ___.
Experimental study
A geographically widespread epidemic is known as a __.
Who formed four rules that establish the causal relationship between an infectious agent and a particular infection?
Robert Koch
Primary prevention stops diseases from occurring at all.
True
Study that focus on finding risk factors for a particular disease are known as __.
Research data
An __ study tests one or more hypotheses about the relationships between risk factors and disease.
Analytic