Outbreak Investigation & Random Facts
The earliest identified case in an outbreak investigation.
What is the index case?
This physician linked cholera transmission to contaminated water using a natural experiment.
Who is John Snow
This value of R₀ suggests the greatest epidemic potential.
What is R₀ = 12?
The time between exposure and symptom onset.
What is the incubation period?
This concept explains why many infections never appear in clinical surveillance data.
Answer: What is the iceberg concept of infection?
The Gavilo-Lane household was prescribed anthelmintic medication (Vermox®) to treat what parasite because he who shall not be named refused to wear shoes.
Name the parasite...
Helminths - Hookworms
This is your warning to:
1. Do not go barefoot in TN
2. I tell good stories for a reason!
Phosphorus necrosis of the jaw was a really horrible disease and overwhelmingly a disease of the poor. Workers in match factories developed unbearable abscesses in their mouths, leading to facial disfigurement and sometimes fatal brain damage.
What is Phossy Jaw?
Identified by Alice Hamilton; also the first female MD trained at Harvard. She is widely celebrated and a renowned occupational/environmental epidemiologist.
An R₀ below this value indicates transmission will eventually die out.
What is 1?
The interval between infection and peak communicability.
What is generation time?
Disease containment involves
1. Identifying the incidence/prevalence of disease
2. Is the disease at endemic, epidemic, pandemic levels
3. R0
4. Etiology of disease
5. Laboratory testing
Review the steps relating to outbreak investigations.
_____________ is a measure used in outbreak investigations to describe the proportion of people who become ill after a specific exposure during a defined period.
Does this mean we are doing an outbreak investigation for the exam?
“The dose makes the poison” is attributed to this figure.
Who is Paracelsus?
If a 95% confidence interval for a risk estimate does not include 1, the association is considered this.
What is statistically significant?
A nonliving object—like a doorknob or countertop—that transmits pathogens is called this.
What is a fomite?
Show me your Beyonce "Single Ladies" moves...
Teach Dr. Gavilo-Lane the basics.
______________ calculation compares illness between exposed and unexposed groups during an outbreak.
Attack Rate Ratio
Definition:
The attack rate among people who were exposed divided by the attack rate among people who were not exposed.
This nurse used statistics to reform hospital sanitation and mortality reporting.
Who is Florence Nightingale?
This epidemiologic measure represents the proportion of diagnosed cases that result in death.
What is the case fatality rate?
A disease that persists at a stable, expected level within a population is described as this.
What is endemic?
An infectious agent with low R₀ but high lethality would most likely behave like this disease.
What is Ebola?
Best study strategies for a Gavilo-Lane exam?
1. Read
2. Attend class
3. Take Notes
4. Review Case Studies
5. Watch videos
6. Pay attention to content review: Jeopardy/Kahoot
This 1964 report fundamentally changed causal inference and public health policy.
What is the Surgeon General’s Report on Smoking and Health?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F7eO5zZwQ8w
The epidemiologic curve types are...
A point source outbreak is a type of epidemic where a group of people are exposed to the same infectious agent over a short period of time.
A continuous common source outbreak is an epidemic where a group of people are exposed to the same source of infection over a prolonged period of time, such as days or weeks.
An intermittent common source outbreak is a disease outbreak where people are exposed to a common source of infection at irregular intervals.
A propagated outbreak is an epidemic that spreads from person to person, without a common source. This is different from a common source outbreak, which can be traced back to a single source, such as contaminated water or food.
A sharp rise and fall of cases within one incubation period suggests this outbreak pattern.
What is a point-source outbreak?
This demographic transition stage is characterized by high fertility and high mortality, producing a wide-based population pyramid.
What is Stage 1 of the demographic transition?
Did you read and understand the epidemiologic and demographic transition model?