Experimental
What is the "Gold Standard" and most scientifically rigorous study design?
Randomized controlled trials
Are cohort studies ideal for rare exposures OR rare diseases?
Rare exposures
Are case-control studies ideal for rare exposures or rare disease?
Rare disease
What is the most common type of cross-sectional study?
Descriptive cross-sectional studies
Monitor population health
Make large scale comparisons
Study relationship between population-level exposure and disease
In areas with small numbers that can be aggregated
Disease is rare requiring aggregation of data
What is the process which subjects are assigned to study groups in a randomized controlled trial?
Randomization
Describe the differences between a prospective (longitudinal) and retrospective cohort study.
What can NOT be calculated in a case-control study?
What is the measure of association that is used in descriptive cross-sectional study designs?
Prevalence
What term describes when conclusions about group level data may not be true at the individual level
Ecologic fallacy
What phase of a clinical trial is typically a randomized controlled trial?
Phase III
What is the formula for relative risk (aka risk ratio)?
RR= [A/(A+B)] / [C/(C+D)]
What is the formula for an odds ratio when using the 2x2 matrix?
OR= (ad)/(bc)
How do you calculate (what is the formula) for prevalence?
(number of existing cases of disease or outcome)/population at designated point or time period)
OR
prevalence= (a+c)/(a+b+c+d)
What measures of association are used in ecological studies?
Prevalence and incidence rate
What type of experimental study does the investigator manipulate the study factor but does NOT assign participants randomly to exposed and unexposed groups?
Quasi-experimental/ Community intervention
What can be assessed between exposure and outcome in a cohort study?
Temporal causality
When matching in a case-control study, what are the two basic designs (note: this is not regarding variables used for matching)
One-to-one
Frequency matching
What measure of association is generally used in observational analytic study design?
Prevalence odds ratio or prevalence ratio
What type of prevalence is typically used in ecological studies?
Period or point prevalence
The most common configuration of a double-blind study is?
Participant and investigator/researcher do not know who is in the treatment group and who is in the control group.
Describe the study population (disease and exposure) at the Beginning of a cohort study.
Disease free population that are grouped by exposure and no exposure
Describe the differences between a retrospective cohort study and a case-control study.
Retrospective cohort begins with exposed and unexposed and looks at who developed the outcome and case-control starts with cases and controls and looks for the risk factors/exposure
Cross-sectional studies can NOT establish what?
Temporal causality (cannot establish time relationship between exposure and outcome)
Name three types of measures that are used in ecological studies
Aggregate, environmental, and global