Antimuscarinic drugs
Circadian rhythm
Consciousness
Frontal lobe damage
100
What are the side effects for antimuscarinic drugs?
Dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention, agitation, drowsiness, and blurred vision.
100
When light hits the retina and stimulates an action potential where do these neurons project to?
Suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus
100
Define consciousness
The state of being aware of and responsive to ones's surroundings
100
Describe effects on frontal lobe damage in regards to mood, personality and behaviour.
Decrease in :
concentration
judgement
abstract thought
foresight
problem solving ability
initiate
200
How do antimuscarinic drugs work?
Antimuscarinic medications work by blocking muscarinic receptors from the action of acetylcholine, the chief chemical messenger controlling parasympathetic functions. Blocking the action of acetylcholine can ultimately influence neurologic function, increase heart rate, decrease smooth muscle motility, and decrease exocrine gland secretion.
200
1) What releases melatonin?
2) How is melatonin synthesised?
1) Pineal gland
2)
200
What is the most common cause of loss of consciousness worldwide?
Maleria (cerebral)
200
Why does frontal lobe damage cause changes in mood, behaviour and thinking?
- Dorsolateral cortex
- Ventromedial cortex
- Orbitofrontal cortex
These areas control many diverse functions such as abstract reasoning, decision-making, and goal-oriented behavior. They also play a role in personality expression and creativity.
These skills are known collectively as executive functions. Executive functions are higher cognitive processes that help us control our impulses and act with long-term consequences in mind. They allow us to interact with others in appropriate ways and adjust our behavior to fit the circumstances.
300
Where are muscarinic receptors found?
Muscarinic receptors are abundantly expressed throughout the brain; however, they are also found in various other tissues in the body, such as the heart the bladder and pulmonary system, and the intestine .
300
Where is the pineal glad located?
Epithalamus
Center of the brain between the two hemispheres
300
Describe the Glasgow Coma Scale.
What score does a fully conscious patient have?
What score does a person in a deep coma have?
1) Best eye response
2) Best verbal responce
3) Best motor responce
Score of 15 = fully conscious
Score of 3 = deep coma
300
Describe how you would assess someones mental state?
1) appearance and behaviour
2) speech
3) mood
4) thought content
5) abnormal beliefs and interpretations of events
6) cognitive state
7) insight
400
What type of neurotransmitter is acetylcholine?
What is the criteria for a chemical messenger to be a neurotransmitter?
Small neurotransmitter = fast synaptic signalling
1) Chemical must be synthesised or present in a neuron
2) When released the chemical must produce a response on a target cell
3) Specific receptors are present on post synaptic cell to continue the signal
4) A chemical can induce the same response when placed on the target cell
5) The chemical must be removed from the synaptic cleft
400
What neutotransmitter stimulates melatonin synthesis within the pineal gland?
Norepinephrine NE)
400
What can happen if the RAS is damaged?
Damage to the RAS causes unconsciousness, resulting in not being awake or aware.
The Reticular Activating System is responsible for our wakefulness, our ability to focus, our fight-flight response
400
1) What type of memory is stored in the hippocampus?
2) What type of memory is stored in the anterior temporal lobe?
1) Episodic memory
2) Semantic memory
500
1) How many muscarinic receptor sub-types are there?
2) What are M1,M3 and M5 receptors coupled to?
3) What are M2 and M4 receptors coupled to?
1) 5 M1-M5
2) G-protein
3) Gi
500
Describe the sleep/wake cycle
Wake cycle =
ACh system is active
Sensory thalamus facilitated
Reticular nucleus inhibited
Thalamocortical neurons active
EEG desynchronous
Sleep cycle =
ACh system inactive
Sensory thalamus inhibited
Reticular nucleus active
Thalamocortical neurons in slow rhythm
EEG synchronous
500
What 4 sets of principle nuclei make up the reticular activating system?
Where are these each located?
Which neurotransmitter is involved with each nuclei?
Locus Coeruleus / Pons / NA
Raphe Nuclei / midline in midbrain / pons / medulla / serotonin
Ventral tegmental area / ventral region of midbrain / dopamine
Cholinergic nuclei / basal forebrain nuclei / ACh
500
What is declarative and non-declarative long term memory?
Declarative = explicit or factual info that is learned and requires conscious info
Non-declarative = procedural or skills, motor and emotional memory, conditioned responses from repetition. Not dependent on the hippocampus.