ESS 345 Exam 1

Muscle

100

What are the 3 general types of muscle AND 1 characteristic of each 

Cardiac, smooth, skeletal

200

Where is Ca++ released in a contracting muscle?

Sarcoplasmic reticulum 

300

What is the smallest contractile unit of a muscle?

Sarcomere

500

List the 6 steps of muscle contraction.

1.An action potential “signal” is sent from the brain

2.Arrives at axon terminal and releases acetylcholine (ACh)

3.ACh crosses neuromuscular junction and binds to ACh receptors on plasmalemma.

4.Action potential travels down plasmalemma and T-tubules.

5.Triggers Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR).

6.Ca2+ binds to troponin and enables contraction

Bioenergetics

100

List the 3 macronutrients

Carbs, Fats, Protein

200

Lipolysis refers to what process?

Breakdown of triglycerides to FFA

300

How many kcal's is 1 gram of fat?

9.4 kcal/gram

500

Describe the cross-over effect of macronutrient use during exercise?

Starts with lipids at low intensity and transitions to carbs as intensity increases

Neural Control

100

Which part of the nervous system is dominant at rest to allow you to digest food?

Parasympathetic Nervous System

200

What is another name for an afferent nerve?

Sensory nerve

300

What is the rate limiting enzyme of glycolysis?

Phosphofructokinase (PFK)

500

Draw an action potential and explain all the major steps.

Resting (-70 mV) --- Na++ gates open and rushes into the cell (Depolarization to +30 mV) ----- K+ and rush out of the cell (Repolarization) --- Hyperpolarized state (-90 mV) followed by resting (-70 mV)

Herd Dat

100

Select a champion and have them rock/paper/scissors other groups champion until there is one winner.

+ 1 to ultimate winner

200

How much ATP is generated from anaerobic breakdown of glucose?

2 ATP

300

What connective tissue layer surrounds the individual muscle fiber?

Endomysium

500

Draw AND Explain the Force/Velocity relationship

I'll draw it

Athlete Application

100

Estimate the percentage of carbs, fat, and protein used at rest (out of 100%)

(~80 % Fat, accept +/- 10%)

(~15% carb)

(~5% protein) likely less

200

Describe the progression of muscle fibers recruited from little force to maximum.

Type I...IIa...IIx

300

Describe 2 important ideas about the New 2026 Federal Food Pyramid.

Many (greater protein, less processing, more dairy, more active individuals...)

500

Describe the 3 pathways of lactate.

1. used by own cells mitochondria

2.used by cell nearby

3. gluconeogenesis to the liver