Heart
What chamber of the heart flows into the ventricle?
Atrium (Left/Right)
What do you name the volume of air inspired and expired during normal relaxed breathing?
Tidal volume
_______ vasculature carries blood away from the heart.
Artery
What percentage of hemoglobin is bound to oxygen at rest?
98 - 99% (NO 100% in science)
Draw an ECG signal and LABEL all depolarizations and repolarizations.
P wave: atria depolarization
QRS: Ventricle depolarization
T Wave: Ventricle re-polarization
What percentage of atmospheric air is composed of CO2?
0.03%
Explain how convection is used to decrease core body temperature.
Perfuse capillaries near the skin, which transfers the heat to the sweat and is evaporated off the body
Explain Pre-load and what would happen with decreased preload?
Stretch of cardiomyocytes due to greater EDV leading to a stronger contraction.
Decreased pre-load = decreased stroke volume
List 3 differences between cardiac and skeletal muscle.
Cardiac have intercalated discs, 1 nucleus, small/short branches, involuntary
Skeletal are long unbranched, multinucleated, voluntary
Which gas has a lower diffusion constant?
CO2, more easily diffuses across membrane
Approximately what % of oxygen is extracted at the capillary at rest? AND max exercise?
Rest= ~25%
Maximal exercise = ~75%
Stoke volume increases the most during what % of VO2 max?
40 - 60% before plateau
Draw AND label the pathway of blood through the heart (vena cava to aorta)
Vena cava - Right atrium - Tricuspid valve - Right ventricle - Pulmonary artery - Pulmonary vein - Left atrium - Mitral valve - Left ventricle - Aorta
Explain inspiration and expiration (pressure, volume, diaphragm, air movement)
Inspiration: Diaphragm contracts (descends) which decreases intrapulmonary pressure and increase volume, air into the lungs
Expiration: Diaphragm relaxes (ascends) which increases intrapulmonary pressure and decreases volume, air out of the lungs
Draw the oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve + label both axis
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YOUR BLOOD LACTATE EQUIPMENT BROKE. How might you estimate blood lactate now? Explain the concept
Ventilatory threshold: Buffering of excessive H+ ions leads to excess CO2. This increases breathing rate greater than the low intensity linear increase.