8.1 Human Populations
8.2 Urband Systems and Planning
8.3 Urban Air Pollution
Vocab
Mix
100
Define CBR
The number of live births per 1,000 people in a population per year.
100
Define suburbanization
ESS Glossary
The movement of people from inner urban areas to the outskirts of urban areas (often leading to urban sprawl).
The movement of people from inner urban areas to the outskirts of urban areas (often leading to urban sprawl).
100
State the type of ozone that is considered a pollutant.
Remember that ozone high up in the stratosphere is good; it protects us from harmful UV radiation. Ozone down here in the troposphere, however, is harmful to organisms. It interferes with photosynthesis in plants and can damage materials made of rubber. In humans, it can irritate the lungs, nose, throat and eyes.
100
Define CDR
The number of deaths per 1,000 in a population per year.
100
Acid deposition can cause damage to soil, water bodies and organisms in nature. Outline one way in which it can damage human infrastructure or health.
Damage to buildings, monuments, and sculptures made of limestone or marble (which contain a lot of calcium carbonate)
Increased corrosion of metals like steel found in bridges OR bronze used in statues.
SOx OR NOx form particulate matter which can irritate the lungs OR contribute to heart problems.
200
Descirbe how increase in human population may imapct sustainability
An increase in humans will make our population more unsustainable than it already is. however we could be sustainable if we all use fewer resources and produce less wast throught a more circular economy that reuses materials
200
Describe two technocentric strategies that may help achieve environmental sustainability in urban planning.
Technocentric strategies that may help achieve environmental sustainability in urban planning include adopting renewable energy sources, for example solar panels and windmills, to reduce CO2 emissions from fossil fuels. Setting up efficient public transport, for example, electric buses and trains, can reduce emissions from personal vehicles
200
Describe acid deposition.
Acid deposition is an environmental issue that occurs when precipitation is more acidic than normal unpolluted rain, that is, a pH less than 5.6. It can be classified as wet deposition in the case of acid rain or snow, or dry deposition in the case of ash or dry acid substances coming down from the atmosphere and impacting ecosystems.
200
What is DTM
This model describes the changing levels of fertility and mortality in a human population over time. Birth and death rates shift from high to low levels in a population. The mortality decline precedes fertility decline, resulting in rapid population growth during the transition period.
200
State the layer of the atmosphere where sulphur dioxide has the greatest impact.
Troposphere
300
Fetility and crude birth rate are two demographic variables that can be used to assess human population growth. Explain the streghts and weaknesses of these variables as indicators of growth in human population
Fertility rate and crude birth rate are both useful indicators of population growth but have limitations. Fertility rate is more reliable for predicting long-term growth because it shows the average number of children per woman, but it ignores factors like death rate. Crude birth rate is simple and easy to measure, giving a quick snapshot, but it is affected by age structure, so it may be misleading. Therefore, both should be used together with other data for accurate conclusions.
300
Explain how two human activities can affect succession in an urban area.
City infrastructure is often made of materials like asphalt that limit succession because plants cannot grow roots into the soil to get minerals and water. We do see, however, that primary succession is quite successful on bricks, cement and wood. Unfortunately, urban pollution limits succession, as acid rain makes the soil too acidic for plants from later stages and tropospheric ozone limits photosynthesis by damaging leaves.
300
Explain one urban planning strategy to decrease the environmental impacts of air pollution from urban areas.
build green corridors by planting vegetation along roadsides to trap particulate matter
300
Define limiting factors
Factors that can significantly impact population size.
300
Identify one biotic and one abiotic component of an urban ecosystem.
Biotic
- Plants
- Animals
- Humans
- Fungi
- Microorganisms
Abiotic
- Soil
- Water
- Air
- Climate
- Topography
- Buildings
- Roads
400
The demographic transition model (DTM) is useful for understanding the effects of social and economic development on the mortality and natality of a country. Outline some of the problems in using the DTM to explain how the population of a country may change.
The DTM was made based on the development of European countries and it may not apply to other cultures with other values. Countries may be able to develop differently now because the medical technologies that were being developed as the countries moved through the stages are now readily available.
400
Distinguish between the economic impacts of forced and voluntary rural-to-urban migration on urban systems.
While forced migration may lead to low-wage, non-taxable jobs, voluntary migration may fill vacancies for formal jobs with taxable income . Forced migration may add pressure to public services due to a lack of tax contribution, while voluntary migration helps fund these services through taxes.
400
Distinguish stage 1 and stage 5 in DTM
Stage 1 and Stage 5 of the Demographic Transition Model differ greatly in birth rate, death rate, and population growth. In Stage 1, both birth rate and death rate are high, leading to a stable and low population growth, often due to limited healthcare, poor sanitation, and high infant mortality. In contrast, Stage 5 has very low birth rates and low death rates, but birth rates fall below death rates, resulting in a declining or aging population, often seen in highly developed countries with high living standards and access to healthcare.
400
Define SDW
Household waste such as paper, glass, metal, plastics, organic (kitchen or garden), packaging, construction debris, and clothing.
400
Outline one possible socioeconomic benefit to local human societies resulting from the construction of a bridge over a river.
The Padma Bridge may lower transportation costs and travel time for goods and people, making daily life more affordable for local residents
500
Outline two factors that may lead to low birth rates in a HIC (high-income country).
A HIC may experience low birth rates because more women work in paid jobs outside of the house and choose not to have children. Another reason could be the increased awareness about the negative impacts of increasing populations on the environment.
500
Outline how urbanisation affects soil systems and suggest management strategies to reduce these impacts.
Erosion increases because vegetation is removed and soil is exposed during construction. This can be managed by planting vegetation, using mulch or silt fences, and designing compact cities to reduce land clearance.
Infiltration decreases and surface runoff increases due to impermeable surfaces such as roads and buildings. This can be reduced by using permeable materials, increasing green spaces, and installing drainage or rainwater collection systems.
Soil fertility is reduced because there is less organic matter added to the soil and soil organisms are disrupted, while pollution may contaminate the soil. This can be managed by maintaining green areas, protecting soil food webs, and controlling industrial waste.
500
Evaluate whether the issue of acid deposition should be addressed through international cooperation.
A safariOn some occasions, after the primary pollutants SO22 and NOxx are emitted, they precipitate nearby as dry deposition. However, when these primary pollutants are transformed into the secondary pollutants sulfuric acid and nitric acid, they dissolve in water and can precipitate hundreds of kilometres away downwind from the source. For this reason, acid deposition is a regional problem that requires international cooperation to regulate emissions of SO22 and NOx. It is unfair for a country to see its cities, forests and lakes affected by the pollution caused by a neighbouring country.
500
Define urban area
A dense assemblage of buildings and people located close together for residential, cultural, productive, trade and social purposes.
500
Describe possible mitigation strategies for two named impacts of urbanisation on soil.
Erosion
Impact: increased erosion due to deforestation and exposed soil
Mitigation: plants, mulch, silt fences, compact cities
Infiltration and runoff
Impact: decreased infiltration, increased runoff from impermeable surfaces
Mitigation: permeable materials, vegetation, drainage systemsSoil fertility
Impact: reduced nutrients from less detritus and pollution
Mitigation: green spaces, protect soil organisms, control waste