Identify the study
Which study investigated a child's learned fear of a previously neutral stimulus
Give one limitation of studying fear conditioning using a single young child.
The sample is extremely small and unrepresentative, limiting generalisability. There are also ethical concerns about inducing fear in a child.
What did Bandura et al. (1961) find about children who observed an aggressive adult model?
Children who observed the aggressive model displayed more imitative aggressive behaviour than children in the non-aggressive model condition.
What was Watson and Rayner's (1920) main aim?
To investigate whether a fear response could be classically conditioned in a young child.
Which researcher is associated with operant conditioning and the Skinner box?
Skinner (1948)
Give one limitation of Asch's conformity experiment, which used a line-judgement task.
The artificial task may have low ecological validity; judging lines is less consequential than conformity in real-life situations.
What did Asch find about participants' judgements when a group gave an incorrect answer?
Many participants conformed to the group's incorrect judgement on at least some trials, despite the answer being visibly incorrect.
What was Bandura et al.'s (1961) main aim?
To investigate whether children would imitate aggressive behaviour after observing an adult model.
Which study used a line-judgement task to investigate conformity?
Asch (1955)
Give one limitation of Milgram's obedience research.
The laboratory setting may not reflect real-world obedience. Ethical concerns include stress and deception.
What general pattern did Milgram observe in the original obedience experiment?
In the original study, 65% of participants continued to the maximum 450-volt level when instructed by the experimenter.
What was Milgram's (1963) main aim?
What was Milgram's (1963) main aim?
Which study investigated context-dependent memory using a meaningful article and silent/noisy conditions?
Grant et al. (1998)
Give one limitation of Grant et al. (1998), who studied memory in silent and noisy conditions.
The small opportunity sample of 39 analysed participants limits generalisability. The laboratory task may not fully reflect real study and exam conditions.
What did Grant et al. (1998) find when study and test environments matched?
Participants generally performed better when they studied and were tested in matching environments than in mismatching environments.
What was Grant et al.'s (1998) main aim?
To investigate whether matching the environment during learning and testing improves memory for meaningful material.
Which study investigated cross-cultural differences in recognising objects among asylum seekers from Sub-Saharan Africa and a Western European comparison group?
de Bruïne, Vredeveldt and van Koppen (2018).
Why should findings from a cross-cultural object-recognition study not automatically be generalised to every cultural group?
The particular groups and task may not represent all cultures; differences in samples, experiences and familiarity with the stimuli may affect performance.
What did Bargh, Chen and Burrows (1996) report about participants primed with elderly-related words?
In the original experiment, participants exposed to elderly-related words subsequently walked more slowly than those in the neutral condition.
What was de Bruïne, Vredeveldt and van Koppen's (2018) main research question?
To investigate whether object-recognition performance differed between asylum seekers from Sub-Saharan Africa and a matched Western European control group.