Quotes
Blessed are the pure in heart,
for they will see God.
Who is Jesus in the Sermon on the Mount?
Matthew chapters 5-7 are collectively known by this title and is a traditional source for Jesus's moral teachings.
What is the sermon on the mount?
According to consequentialism the rightness of action is explained by these types of facts.
What are facts about the value of the consequences of an action?
According to the Formula of Humanity as an End in Itself, Kant thinks that we should never treat people like this.
What is merely as a means to one's end?
What is act?
If one of the two is, by those who are competently acquainted with both, placed so far above the other that they prefer it, even though knowing it to be attended with a greater amount of discontent, and would not resign it for any quantity of the other pleasure which their nature is capable of, we are justified in ascribing to the preferred enjoyment a superiority in quality, so far outweighing quantity as to render it, in comparison, of small account.
This institution, according to Christians, is vital for the moral and spiritual transformation of believers and emphasizes how such transformation is done in community.
What is the church?
What is the quality of pleasure?
What is a maxim?
To determine the function of a thing, Aristotle thinks that we need to do this.
What is discover what the thing is uniquely able to do?
Now all imperatives command either hypothetically or categorically. The former represent the practical necessity of a possible action as a means to something else that is willed … The categorical imperative would be that which represented an action as necessary of itself without reference to another end, i.e., as objectively necessary.
Who is Kant in discussing the difference between hypothetical imperatives and the Cateogrical Imperative?
In discussing the "re-valuation of values" Nietzsche targets this list of "blessings" in the Sermon on the Mount.
What are the beatitudes?
According to this objection to consequentialism, you can be morally required to give up a significant amount of your income to charity so long as doing so would produce better consequences than keeping the money for your own personla use.
What is the demandingness objection?
This term is literally translated as "self law"
What is autonomy?
What are the vice of excess and the vice of deficiency?
The foundation of the principle is: rational nature exists as an end in itself. Man necessarily conceives his own existence as being so: so far then this is a subjective principle of human actions. But every other rational being regards its existence similarly, just one the same rational principle holds for me: so that it is at the same time an objective principle, from which as a supreme practical law of all laws of the will must be capable of being deduced.
Who is Kant in discussing the Formula of Humanity as an End in Itself
This Christian doctrine is used to justify the idea that we all have an inherent worth and dignity and deserve to be treated as such.
What is the imago dei?
Kant believes that this principle generates rational requirements to act when we adopt an end and recognize the necessary means to it.
What is a hypothetical imperative?
This is the human function according to Aristotle.
What is a life of rational activity lived in accordance with the virtues?
Virtue is a state of character concerned with choice, residing in a mean relative to us, determined by reason and as the person of practical wisdom (phronimos) would determine.
Who is Aristotle in Book 2 of the Nicomachean Ethics?
According to Christian teaching, believers are not left alone to transform morally and spiritually but can ask to receive "this" in order to grow.
What is the Holy Spirit (Grace is also acceptable)?
The experience machine objection suggests that this is morally valuable besides pleasure and pain.
What is the value of reality/real relationships, etc.?
What is thinking about practical reason/what practical reason requires?
According to this objection to virtue ethics, we do not have stable character traits because how we feel and act is highly depenent on morally irrelevant situational factors.
What is the situationist objection?
If this is the case, human good turns out to be activity of soul in accordance with virtue, and if there are more than one virtue, in accordance with the best and most complete.
Who is Aristotle in the Nicomachean Ethics discussing the "function argument"?
Jesus discusses this topic in approximately 10-15% of all of his recorded words in the New Testament.
What is earthly possessions/wealth/money?
According to Kant, this is unconditionally valuable and the source of all other value.
What is humanity/our freedom?
This term refers to the idea that everything in nature has an end or goal.
What is teleology?
If human nature is so constituted as to desire nothing which is not either a part of happiness or a means of happiness, we can have no other proof, and we require no other, that these are the only things desirable. If so, happiness is the sole end of human action, and the promotion of it is the test by which to judge of all human conduct, from whence it necessarily follows that it must be the criterion of morality, since a part is included in the whole.
Who is Mill in his Utilitarianism where he discusses his "proof of utilitarianism"?
What is kenosis?
According to consequentialism, this is the reason why you cannot favor saving your own mother over donating money to save many more people.
What is consequentialism is agent neutral/impartial?
According to Kant, this is the most valuable and unconditoinally good thing in the world.
What is a "good will"?
This type of life is considered by Aristotle to be the highest form of life possible for a human being.
What is the contemplative life/the life focused on philosophical wisdom and understanding eternal truths?
The history of mankind would be far too stupid a thing if it had not had the intellect [Geist] of the powerless injected into it: – let us take the best example straight away.
Who is Nietzsche in the Genealogy of Morals?
This leading abolitionist inspired by Christian moral teachings helped ban slavery in the British Empire.
Who is William Wilberforce?
Bentham and Mill were committed to this idea that a king's preferences or desires should not countmore than a commoner's preferences or desires.
What is egalitarianism?
What is a contradiction in will?
According to this thesis, if you have one virtue, you must also have all of the other virtues.
What is the reciprocity thesis?