The Belmont Report
What are the 3 Basic Principles of ethics?
Respect for persons, beneficence & justice
What was the goal of the Milgram's experiment?
To test obedience to authority figures.
What was the goal of Zimbardo's experiment?
To understand prisons, their power structures, and their effects on people.
What is Research?
“a systematic investigation, including research development, testing and evaluation, designed to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge"
What constitutes Respect for Persons?
•individuals should be treated as autonomous agents, and persons with diminished autonomy (e.g., minors, prisoners) are entitled to protection.
•demands that participants enter into research voluntarily and with adequate information.
What was the procedure of the experiment?
Participants were told that they were in an experiment about learning, they were partnered with someone in another room and they were instructed by a researcher to shock their partner when they responded incorrectly.
What was the procedure for the Stanford Prison experiment?
A group of participants was randomly assigned to either be a guard or a prisoner. Uniforms were provided for each role, and the lab was set up to reflect prison conditions.
What is an IRB?
IRB=Internal Review Board
A minimum of 5 members, at least one of whom is a scientist, one a nonscientist, and one member not affiliated with the institution
Discus, review and approve research before it is conducted.
What is Beneficence?
•requires that the researcher not harm the participants, minimize risks, and maximize possible benefits
What was unethical about the experiment?
Participants were not debriefed properly and people were not given the opportunity to leave the study.
What was unethical about the Stanford Prison experiment?
There was all kind of abuses (except physical), and cost outweighed benefit to the participant.
What is Minimal Risk?
"Minimal risk means that the probability and magnitude of harm or discomfort anticipated in the research are not greater in and of themselves than those ordinarily encountered in daily life or during the performance of routine physical or psychological examinations or tests.”
What is Justice?
•Equality and fairness in receiving benefits of research and bearing its burdens
How would you study the construct of obedience could today?
Ex: Marshmallow Study
How many days did the experiment intend to last? How many days did it actually last?
It was intended to last for 2 weeks but was terminated after 6 days.
What does Human Subject mean?
"Human subject means a living individual about whom an investigator (whether professional or student) conducting research obtains
1)Data through intervention or interaction with the individual, or
2)Identifiable private information.”
When was the Belmont Report published?
1979!
When was the Milgram's Obedience Study conducted?
1961!
When was the Stanford Prison experiment conducted?
1971!
What are the General Principles?
Beneficence and Nonmaleficence
Fidelity and Responsibility
Integrity
Justice
Respect for People’s Rights and Dignity