Stages of Moral Development
This psychologist developed the Stage Theory of Moral Development
Lawrence Kohlberg
This individual believed that "morality is the most fundamental expression of our rational human nature"
Aristotle
What are the two moral theories found in most societies?
utilitarianism and deontology
Utilitarianism aims to create the most _______ for the most people?
happiness
What ethical theory is based on duty?
deontology
These three stages demonstrate how individuals advance through different states as they cultivate their reasoning capabilities
preconventional, conventional, postconventional
Psychologist Carol Gilligan had a belief that men are typically duty-oriented, an approach she called _____________.
justice perspective
True or False: Propinquity is one of the seven factors when determining the most moral decision
true
Who developed utilitarian calculus?
Jeremy Bentham
Who was the creator of the categorical imperative?
Immanuel Kant
This stage of moral development is characterized by "wanting approval of others"
conventional
Moral reasoning directly affects our _________ (three key areas)
self-esteem, mental health, and our goals
What theory focuses on one's character?
virtue ethics
What is the name for the seven-factor decision method in utilitarianism?
utilitarian calculus
What principal requires moral rules to apply universally?
categorical imperative
This morality would include examples of egotistical individuals having the attitude of "you scratch my back, I'll scratch yours."
preconventional
Cultural relativism would relate best to what stage of moral reasoning?
conventional
What theory says morality depends on culture?
cultural relativism
Which factor of utilitarian calculus considers how many individuals are affected?
extent
What are duties called that are binding unless overridden?
Prima facie duties
Fewer than 10% of American adults reach this stage in moral development
postconventional
According to cultural relativists, would ideals be aligned more with "all moral principles are the same for everyone in all cultures", or "no moral principles hold true for everyone in all cultures."
"no moral principles hold true for everyone in all cultures"
Utilitarianism theory is defined by focusing on what?
consequences
What major issue does utilitarianism risk ignoring?
individual rights
What is the duty associated with the phrase "to do no harm" called?
non-maleficence