Eukaryotic Synapomorphies
How many synapomorphies did we identify in lecture?
3 Synapomorphies
What does "unikonta" mean?
One Flagella
Why is genetic diversity such an important innovation to Eukarya?
Allows greater intensity of natural selection.
What is regular symbiosis?
The cooperation/parasitism of two organisms in physical contact.
What is endosymbiosis?
The cooperation/parasitism of between an organism, and another organism inside of the host.
How are organelles different in Eukaryotic cells?
Membrane Bound
What kind of group is Archaea according to recent hypotheses?
Paraphyletic
What is phagocytosis?
The engulfment of whole food particles.
How many times did endosymbiosis evolve?
Once
How do we know chloroplasts only evolved once?
Monophyletic group of Plantae
Eukaryotes have ...... linear chromosomes
Multiple
What is the Changing Environment Hypothesis?
Organisms with more diverse children have a better chance of surviving changing conditions
What are the primary benefits of multicellularity? (3 answers)
Size, Specialized Tissues, Niche Exploitation
What Bacterial Lineage is chloroplast derived from?
Cyanobacteria
What Bacterial Lineage is mitochondria derived from?
Proteobacteria
A major benefit of the Nucleus is...
Ability to separate processes for quality control... Compartmentalization
According to recent hypotheses, how are we related to Archaea?
We represent a paraphyletic group...We come from Archaea
What separates a Eukaryotic synapomorphy and innovation?
All eukaryotes have the synapomorphies, innovations are important but not always shared
How many membranes does an organelle have after tertiary endosymbiosis?
6 Membranes
By what process did non-Plantae lineages get photosynthesis?
Secondary/tertiary endosymbiosis
The Infolding Hypothesis states...
"Infolds" of the cell's membrane contributed to making the nucleus' shell
The Red Queen states, "We must run just to stay in the same place”. How is this related to Biology?
Organisms must "run" to "keep up" with the environment, predators, disease, etc.
Name the three unique Eukaryotic cell support materials
Silicon Dioxide, Calcium Carbonate, Cellulose
What pieces of evidence point to mitochondria/chloroplasts being a result of endosymbiosis?
Independent DNA/Protein Synthesis, double membranes, morphological similarities, fission
What is the origin of the second membrane in an organelle from secondary endosymbiosis? (Second most interior)
From the first host that engulfed