French Revolution
This event, which took place in 1789, marked the beginning of the French Revolution when a group of Parisian revolutionaries stormed the symbolic prison, freeing prisoners and seizing arms. What was the name of this event?
What is the Storming of the Bastille?
This invention by James Watt greatly improved efficiency in factories and became a key power source during the Industrial Revolution.
What is the steam engine?
This Prussian statesman used the policy of “blood and iron” to achieve German unification through war and diplomacy.
Who is Otto von Bismarck?
This month is commonly used to name the second major Russian Revolution of 1917, when the Bolsheviks took power.
What is October?
This Tsarist policy aimed to suppress non-Russian cultures within the empire by promoting the Russian language, Orthodox religion, and loyalty to the Tsar.
What is Russification?
This radical leader of the Jacobins became one of the most influential figures during the Reign of Terror before being executed himself in 1794.
Who is Maximilien Robespierre?
This economic system, championed by thinkers like Adam Smith during the Industrial Revolution, promotes private ownership and minimal government interference.
What is capitalism?
This 1815 political organization, led by Austria, loosely united German-speaking states after the fall of Napoleon.
What is the German Confederation?
This weak and short-lived government, led by Alexander Kerensky after the February Revolution, failed to withdraw from WWI or address land reform, losing support to the Bolsheviks.
What is the Provisional Government?
This 1870 conflict, provoked in part by Bismarck’s Ems Dispatch, resulted in the fall of Napoleon III and the collapse of the Second Empire.
What is the Franco-Prussian War?
This financial minister’s dismissal by King Louis XVI in July 1789 sparked public outrage and contributed directly to the Storming of the Bastille.
Who is Jacques Necker?
This problem, caused by rapid industrial growth and poor planning, led to overcrowded housing and unsanitary living conditions in many 19th-century cities.
What is urbanization
This 1834 economic agreement, initiated by Prussia, excluded Austria and helped foster German economic unity—paving the way for later political unification.
What is the Zollverein?
This political slogan, used by the Bolsheviks to gain popular support, promised to meet the basic needs of workers, peasants, and soldiers.
What is "Peace, Land, and Bread"?
This Austrian statesman was the chief architect of the Congress of Vienna and a staunch opponent of liberalism and nationalism in post-Napoleonic Europe.
Who is Prince Klemens von Metternich?
This oath, taken in June 1789 by members of the Third Estate after being locked out of their meeting hall, was a pivotal moment in the formation of the National Assembly.
What is the Tennis Court Oath?
This British inventor’s 18th-century creation, the water frame, revolutionized textile manufacturing by using water power to drive spinning machines.
Who is Richard Arkwright?
These 1819 decrees, imposed by Metternich, censored the press and cracked down on liberal student movements in the German states.
What are the Carlsbad Decrees?
This armed uprising in July 1917, led by workers and soldiers in Petrograd, failed to overthrow the Provisional Government and led to a temporary crackdown on the Bolsheviks.
What are the July Days?
This term describes the economic idea that the government should leave business and industry unregulated, a major tenet of 19th-century liberal economics.
What is laissez-faire?
This executive body replaced the Committee of Public Safety after the fall of Robespierre and governed France from 1795 until Napoleon’s coup in 1799.
What is the Directory?
What is Enclosure Movement?
This 1848 gathering of delegates from German states aimed to unify Germany under a constitutional monarchy but ultimately failed.
What is the Frankfurt Parliament (or Assembly)?
This influential document, written by Lenin upon his return to Russia in 1917, called for "All power to the Soviets" and an end to cooperation with the Provisional Government.
What are the April Theses?
This 1801 agreement between Napoleon and the Catholic Church restored some religious freedoms in France while keeping the Church under state control.
What is the Concordat of 1801?