Spain & the Ancient World
These Middle Eastern maritime traders were so cautious that they rarely sailed out of sight of land, yet they were the first to link the eastern and western Mediterranean and cross into the Atlantic. Who are they?
Phoenicians
Queen Elizabeth I was known by three personas: 'Gloriana,' 'Good Queen Bess,' and this title reflecting her famous decision never to marry.
The Virgin Queen
This ancient legal principle, later codified in the Petition of Right, held that the king could not imprison citizens without legal justification or due process.
habeas corpus
This dramatic event in 1618 gave its name to a famous Latin phrase meaning 'throwing from a window' and marked the start of the Thirty Years' War.
The Defenestration of Prague
The Enlightenment's primary philosophical program was captured in this Latin slogan, meaning 'dare to know', which became the battle cry for free thought against inherited dogma.
sapere aude
According to ancient Greek geographers, the Iberian Peninsula was named after this major river, which the Greeks called the Iberus.
The Ebro River
This Elizabeth I advisor, eventually named Lord Treasurer, consistently counseled the queen to maintain good relations with Catholic powers and avoid expensive wars.
Who is William Cecil (Lord Burghley)
This social class, described as 'people of good social position next below the nobility,' controlled three-quarters of the seats in the House of Commons.
The gentry
According to the lesson, the two officials thrown from the Prague castle window survived by landing on this remarkably convenient pile of ______________.
Manure
Blaise Pascal abandoned a brilliant career in mathematics to join a movement within French Catholicism that stressed an Augustinian view of the catastrophic effects of ________ upon the human will.
The fall
This Roman military campaign from 29 to 19 B.C. required 50,000 soldiers and the personal intervention of Emperor Augustus to suppress a Celtic-Asturian guerrilla war fought from mountaintops.
The Cantabrian Wars
This flamboyant court favorite of Elizabeth I served as her Master of the Horse, giving him constant access to the queen, and pushed for a Protestant military crusade against Catholic powers.
Robert Dudley (Earl of Leicester)
Charles I dissolved Parliament for ____ years without summoning it; this was a period during which he was described, paradoxically, as a benign and modernizing ruler.
The 11 years between 1629–1640
This Swedish king, who trained soldiers in small mobile units and dressed them in matching fur cloaks and waterproof boots, was the first European commander to put all soldiers in uniform.
Gustavus II (Gustavus Adolphus) of Sweden
Pascal's Pensées presented what is considered the first published version of game theory, in an argument where Pascal calculated that it is rational to believe in God, given the asymmetry of outcomes. This argument is known as _____________.
Pascal's Wager
When Rome renamed Spain 'Hispania,' the name most likely derived from this Phoenician phrase, reflecting the abundance of a small animal on the peninsula.
i-shphan-im (meaning 'land of rabbits')
Elizabeth I's genius religious settlement of 1559–1563 can be summarized in this memorable phrase: it does one thing doctrinally but appears to do another in structure and ritual.
'It thinks Protestant but looks Catholic'
This medieval concept depicted the universe as a hierarchy from God's throne to the smallest particle of sand, with kings positioned closest to God.
The Great Chain of Being
This French cardinal, serving as prime minister, declared war on Ferdinand II just weeks after a peace treaty had been signed, seeking to transfer the title of Holy Roman Emperor to the French king.
Cardinal Richelieu
In The Brothers Karamazov, the parable of 'The Grand Inquisitor' is set in this city during the 15th century, just after an auto de fé in which people were tortured and killed for heresy.
Sevilla, Spain
After the Muslim conquest in 711 A.D., a survivor of the massacred Islamic dynasty escaped and established the Caliphate of Córdoba, keeping Spain separate from the Middle Eastern caliphates until 1492.
The Umayyads (Specifically: Abd al-Rahman)
After the Armada's defeat, Elizabeth was forced to summon Parliament ____ times between 1585 and 1601, granting it experience, confidence, and corporate identity that would haunt her successors.
Seven times
Oliver Cromwell's republic collapsed for three interrelated reasons: too much liberty causing social suffocation, heavy taxation, and __________.
Cromwell's death in 1658
The three royal cousins who led their nations into World War I (Wilhelm II, George V, and Nicholas II) were all connected through this common ancestor, known as 'the Grandmother of Europe.'
Queen Victoria
According to the Enlightenment lesson, this philosophical doctrine, which holds that reality and truth are relative to individual perception and mental states rather than objective external facts, is described as our 'dominant cultural framework' today.
Subjectivism