Nationalism and Unification
This cultural and political movement promoted pride in one’s nation and often sought independence or unification.
What is nationalism?
This physicist’s theory of relativity transformed conceptions of time and space.
Who is Albert Einstein?
This 1884–1885 conference regulated European colonization in Africa.
What is the Berlin Conference?
This innovation allowed almost instant long-distance communication across empires.
What is the telegraph?
This movement emphasized emotion, nature, and individuality, reacting against industrialization.
What is Romanticism?
Using realpolitik, this Prussian statesman unified Germany through wars and diplomacy.
Who is Otto von Bismarck?
The theory that human societies evolve through competition, often used to justify imperialism and racial hierarchy.
What is Social Darwinism?
Late 19th-century imperialism was often justified through the poem “The White Man’s Burden,” encouraging this moral mission.
What is the mission civilisatrice?
This discovery by Louis Pasteur demonstrated that microorganisms cause disease.
What is the germ theory?
The literary and artistic movement aimed to depict life exactly as it was, often focusing on everyday or working class subjects.
What is Realism?
These German brothers collected folk tales that celebrated national identity.
Who are the Grimm Brothers?
This Austrian doctor pioneered psychoanalysis and explored the role of the unconscious mind.
Who is Sigmund Freud?
This author’s Heart of Darkness critiqued the brutal exploitation of Africans under imperial rule.
Who is Joseph Conrad?
The development of this medical advancement helped reduce the psychological trauma of surgery.
What is anesthesia?
This British author, best known for her first novel "Frankenstein", explored dark themes of science and industrialization, helping to establish the horror genre.
Who is Mary Shelley?
This 1894 French political scandal involving a falsely accused Jewish officer revealed deep antisemitism.
What is the Dreyfus Affair?
This philosopher declared “God is dead” and challenged traditional moral values.
Who is Friedrich Nietzsche?
This political thinker argued that imperialism was the final stage of capitalism, marked by monopolies and global competition.
Who was Vladimir Lenin?
A treatment using quinine allowed Europeans to survive in tropical regions by preventing this disease.
What is malaria?
Monet’s and Renoir’s works defined this light- and color-focused art movement.
What is Impressionism?
This Italian nationalist known as the "Heart of Italy" helped unify Italy through campaigns with his Red Shirts.
Who is Giuseppe Garibaldi?
Auguste Comte developed this philosophy that emphasized observation and scientific reasoning over metaphysics.
What is positivism?
This military conflict in 1898 between Britain and France nearly resulted in war during the “Scramble for Africa.”
What is the Fashoda Crisis?
This Scottish surgeon developed antiseptic techniques using carbolic acid.
Who is Joseph Lister?
This German composer drew upon Germanic and Nordic mythology to create epic, sometimes overwhelming operas infused with nationalism.
Who is Richard Wagner?