Spanish Colonization & New Spain
Who conquered the Aztec Empire in Mexico?
Hernan Cortes
What was the first permanent French settlement in North America?
Quebec
Who were the Pilgrims?
Separatists who completely broke from the Church of England
Which colonies were originally part of Dutch New Netherland?
New York and New Jersey
What type of economy did the Southern colonies primarily have?
Plantation-based agricultural economy
What was an indentured servant?
A contract for several years of labor in exchange for passage to America
What were the primary motivations of Spanish conquistadores coming to the Americas?
Seeking gold, silver, other wealth, and spreading Christianity.
Which river valley was central to Dutch colonization?
Hudson River Valley
What was the Mayflower Compact?
The first governing document in the colonies establishing self-government
Who established Pennsylvania as a haven for religious freedom?
William Penn
What were the main cash crops in the Southern colonies?
Tobacco, rice, and indigo
Name one way African culture influenced colonial America.
Language, music, food, agricultural techniques, or religious practices
Name two factors that helped the Spanish conquer Native empires.
Superior weapons and military technology, European diseases, alliances with native groups, religious/psychological warfare
What was the economic focus of the French colonies?
Fur trade and alliances with Native Americans
Which colony was founded by the Puritans under John Winthrop?
Massachusetts Bay Colony
What was William Penn's "Holy Experiment"?
A colony based on religious tolerance and fair treatment of Native Americans
What was the dominant church in the Southern colonies
Anglican Church
What was the Great Awakening?
A religious revival movement emphasizing emotional, personal religious experience
In the Spanish colonial social structure, who were the Peninsulares?
People born in Spain who held the highest positions in colonial government and society.
What was Jamestown's significance in English colonization?
It was the first permanent English settlement in North America
Who founded Rhode Island after being expelled from Massachusetts?
Roger Williams
What were the Middle Colonies known for agriculturally?
Fertile farmland, often called the "Breadbasket colonies"
What social class in the South owned large plantations?
Gentry class
Which colony passed the 1647 "Old Deluder Satan Act" requiring towns to establish schools?
Massachusetts (New England)
What was the purpose of the Transatlantic Slave Trade?
To provide forced labor for plantations and mines in the Americas.
What company established Jamestown?
Virginia Company
What type of communities were typical in New England colonies?
Town-centered communities with common areas and town meetings for governance
Name two characteristics of the Middle Colonies.
Religious tolerance, ethnic diversity, important port cities
How did education in the Southern colonies compare to New England?
Less emphasis on formal education than New England
Name two important preachers during the Great Awakening
Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield