Key Figures
He sparked the Protestant Reformation with his 95 Theses.
Who is Martin Luther?
Teaching that God has already chosen who will be saved and damned.
What is predestination?
Luther’s 1517 attack on indulgences and Church abuses.
What are the 95 Theses?
A revolt by peasants inspired by Luther’s message but condemned by him.
What is the Peasants’ Revolt?
This king split from the Catholic Church when the Pope refused him an annulment.
Who is Henry VIII?
This German friar sold indulgences, infamously claiming, “As soon as a coin in the coffer rings, a soul from purgatory springs.”
Who is John Tetzel?
The practice of buying forgiveness of sins.
What are indulgences?
This 1521 meeting declared Luther an outlaw.
What is the Diet of Worms?
Religious conflict between Catholics and Protestants in Switzerland.
What are the Swiss Civil Wars?
This queen settled religious tensions with a moderate Protestant compromise.
Who is Elizabeth I?
This Holy Roman Emperor opposed Luther at the Diet of Worms.
Who is Charles V?
Printing in this everyday language helped spread Reformation ideas.
What is the vernacular?
This ruling made Luther an outlaw and banned his writings.
What is the Edict of Worms?
This radical Protestant group rejected infant baptism.
Who are the Anabaptists?
The broader term for England’s break with Rome.
What is the English Reformation?
The Swiss reformer killed in the Swiss Civil Wars.
Who is Ulrich Zwingli?
His printing press invention made the Bible more accessible.
Who is Gutenberg?
This 1555 agreement allowed German princes to choose between Catholicism and Lutheranism.
What is the Peace of Augsburg?
These followers of John Calvin in France clashed with Catholics.
Who were the Huguenots?
Radical Protestants who wanted each congregation to be independent.
Who were the Congregationalists?
He founded Calvinism and stressed predestination
Who is John Calvin?
This Protestant confession became the basis for Lutheran belief.
What is the Augsburg Confession?
This alliance of Lutheran princes formed to defend themselves against Charles V.
What is the Schmalkaldic League?
The French queen mother who tried to balance Catholic and Protestant factions.
Who is Catherine de Medici?
His daughter who made Catholicism the state religion again.
Who is Mary I?