Federal & State Policy
What two federal regulations target vehicle GHG emissions?
The CAFE standards and EPA GHG standards.
Which country had 96% EV market share by 2024?
Norway
What is the max federal EV tax credit under the IRA?
$7,500
What is “ultra-fast charging”?
Chargers with power leveld >350 kW
What are the three types of emissions analysis for EVs?
Tank-to-Wheel, Well-to-Wheel, Lifecycle Assessment.
What clause allows federal law to override state law?
the Supremacy Clause
What policy tool did China use to encourage EV purchases?
License plate lotteries and auctions.
Why might some people not benefit from the federal tax credit?
It’s non-refundable and requires sufficient tax liability.
What country launched wireless charging roads in 2013?
South Korea
Why do ZEVs still cause emissions in some cases?
Because electricity generation may emit GHGs.
What act gave California the authority to request waivers?
The Air Quality Act of 1967 (Section 209).
What country enacted the world’s first gas car import ban?
Ethiopia
What state replaced the CVRP with income-qualified programs?
California
What’s a major challenge of battery-swapping for heavy-duty trucks?
High capital cost and need for standardization.
What kind of region gets fewer health benefits from EV adoption?
Disadvantaged or coal-reliant regions.
What is the main difference between legislation and regulation?
Legislation is passed by Congress; regulations are made by agencies based on existing laws.
What is a “ZEV mandate”?
A regulation requiring a percentage of vehicles sold to be zero-emission.
What makes point-of-sale incentives more effective?
Immediate benefit without delay or uncertainty.
What is SAE J2954?
The standard for wireless EV charging.
What health concern increases near power plants due to EV load?
SO₂-related health damages.
What legal case established EPA’s authority to regulate CO₂?
Massachusetts v. EPA (2007).
What is the EU’s CO₂ emissions goal for new vehicles by 2035?
0 g/km (effectively 100% ZEV).
What is a feebate?
A system where high-emitting vehicles are charged a fee, funding rebates for clean vehicles.
What is dynamic wireless charging?
Charging EVs while they drive via embedded road coils.
What policy concern arises when incentives mostly benefit wealthy buyers?
Equity or environmental justice concerns.