Water
Explain how water from oceans, seas and lakes falls on the Earth’s surface as rain.
Water Cycle
-Process of Evaporation
-Process of Transpiration
-Process of Condensation
-Process of Precipitation
Describe Population Density
The number of people per unit area usually square km.
Ozone is a gas in the stratosphere which absorbs ultraviolet light. Explain how damage to this layer of ozone gas has been caused.
ref. CFCs;
ref. chlorine in CFCs;
ref. chlorine destroying ozone;
over and over again/for years /ref. catalyst;
thus decreases amount of ozone / thins ozone;
Describe Desalination and share why only few countries in the world use this method of water supply
sea-water is (forced) through (thousands) of fine membranes (to take out the salt).
very expensive / more expensive than most other ways of supplying water;
energy-intensive / energy needed to heat the seawater / more energy is required than for most other ways of supplying water;
requires access to sea / requires access to ocean / requires a coastline;
require high levels of technology;
large volumes of seawater used / affects ecosystems / can kill fish / birds;
concentrated brine (salt solution left behind) produced needs safe disposal;
Countries have other cheaper affordable ways of obtaining water,
Suggest two reasons why many people live in Delhi, the capital city of India.
Employment/business/commerce/trading/better pay;
Service provision or example (hospitals, health care, universities, education,
range of shops etc.);
Entertainment;
Political capital
Three factors that are important when choosing a site for a large dam.
-Location Between mountains
-On water bodies. Where lots of rivers and their tributaries meet
-Vegetation: Lots of trees for more transpiration
Explain how Economic Factors impact Population density
High Density
Large rich markets
Good infrastructure
Good transport systems exports – Shanghai in China, New York in US
Access to markets
Skilled labour to force
Education and good health facilities
Low Density
Poor trading markets links
Poor infrastructure
Limited work opportunities
Describe how a temperature inversion can occur over a city.
Winds bring cold air from the ocean. The emissions from vehicles and factories are prevented from rising by a temperature inversion. The emissions are trapped by warm air at a higher level and react with light from the sun to produce smog
Suggest reasons why it is important to reduce levels of water pollution
Water is essential for life. Without it people would become dehydrated;
• good infrastructure will ensure supplies are continuous;
• people will not have to walk long distances to fetch water/don’t waste time fetching water;
• water will be clean/not carry disease so people will not suffer water borne diseases or example/good health;
• industries depend on water for processing/cooling;
• electricity generated using water supplies;
• hospitals have access to water;
• don’t have to worry about water shortages;
• long life expectancy;
• hygiene/sanitation improved; et
What is meant by densely populated and sparsely populated?
Sparsely populated-Place that contains few people relative to its area.
Densely populated- Place that contains a large number of people in relation it to its area.
Evenly distributed population- Population is spread out equally
Suggest three reasons why, in many parts of the world, the water in urban areas is usually safer to drink than water in rural areas.
more wealth/ developed;
more money from taxes /rates;
water pipes are easier/ cheaper to build;
public taps / standpipes / bottled water for sale;
piped household water (in dwelling, plot or yard);
water is more likely to be treated; chlorination/
filtration/ro (reverse osmosis); sewage treatment;
sanitation/ separation of clean drinking water and sewage disposal;
easier to put pressure on politicians /officials to improve infrastructure;
Describe climate as a factor that Impacts Population density of a place
High Density
Temperate areas- moderate climate with no extremes, adequate rain to provide a reliable source of water for both people and farming.
Certain Tropical areas- have high population density, such as India, where there is year round high temperatures, reliable rainfall and fertile soils produce highly productive areas for farming
Low Density
People tend to avoid living in polar areas because of:
the long periods of freezing temperatures in winter
the very short growing seasons for plants.
Example: northern Canada, Alaska and Greenland. People survive by hunting seals, fish and whales at sea and caribou (reindeer) on land.
Cold climates can also be found in mountainous areas of the world, such as the Himalayas, Andes and Rockies
The tropical deserts where the very high temperatures for much of the year and lack of rainfall combine to produce a very harsh living environment –e.x. the Sahara,Arabian central Australia, Atacama, Kalahari/Namib and South West USA
Certain tropical areas rainforest are very inaccessible, such as the rainforests of Central Amazonia and Borneo
Name one dangerous chemical which are emitted from car exhausts and share how it impacts people and the environment
NO2/CO2/ SO2
acid rain; tree death; loss of soil minerals; fish death; poison lakes; bronchitis/lung cancer; breathing problems;
buildings damage
acid rain; as above
global warming; floods; sea level rise; extreme weather; and consequent human effects CO
binds with haemoglobin; reduces oxygen carriage, no third mark
As well as having to travel long distances or taking a long time to collect water, suggest other problems with the water supply in villages
Water is polluted/dirty/contaminated/not clean/unsafe to consume (1)
Water may cause disease/bacteria/sickness/health problems (1)
Animals may pollute water (1)
Dries up/unreliable water supply/runs out of water/lack of rainfall (1)
Unable to store sufficient water/leaking stores/tanks (1)
Rainfall is seasonal/periodic/erratic (1)
Overuse by people/animals (1)
The continent of Africa had a population of 116.6 million in 2015. The land area is
30.22 million square kilometres.
Calculate the population density of Africa.
11,60,60,000/3,02,20,000
Name one disease that is carried to humans by a vector.
Describe strategies used to control a named vector.
Malaria
drain water to remove breeding site;
use of insecticide / chemical, to kill vector;
wear clothes / use of nets, to prevent vector feeding / biting;
sterilise males, to reduce breeding / reproduction;
pour oil on water, to stop breeding;
use of fish, to eat larvae;
Describe any 2 human factors (Other than Economic) that can lead to high density of population in an area
Social
Some groups of people prefer to live next to each other for security and companionship( similar caste, tribe)
Political
Stable government
Democratic System
Commercial economic system
Free market
Government investments
Ex- Trading Blocs
Explain why countries need to work together to solve the problem of acid rain.
the gases can be moved long distances/ atmosphere is not a barrier to gas movement by winds;
Explain why dam building schemes are important to the economies of LEDCs.
the project will create employment (during the construction phase);
• water supply for industry;
• which will create multiplier effect;
• generation of HEP/electricity;
• will encourage economic growth/development/increase GDP;
• tourists will be attracted to the dam/reservoir;
• water will be available for local farmers;
• increased yields of crops;
• commercial production of crops/exports will increase;
• reduce costs of/damage caused by floods;
• sustainable supply of water;
• can sell water internationally, etc.
Describe the population distribution in a High density country like Japan
Case study with place specific points
Explain how the construction of dams might affect farmers and fishermen.
Farmers: negative points: lack of floods; so no silt deposited; leading to loss of fertility; leading to increased costs of fertilisers; lack of flooding means certain crops (rice) can’t be grown; salt penetrates delta; reducing fertility of the soil; farmland lost due to, dam / reservoir; farmers displaced; reduced, yield / food / income; positive points: water stored for irrigation; double cropping possible; floods, stopped / reduced; so no, crop / animal, loss; increased, yield / food / income;
Fishermen: negative points: dams stop fish migration; causing decrease in, breeding / fish stocks; may lead to extinction of some species; salt water penetrates delta; reducing number of fresh water fish; reduced, catch / food / income; positive points: fish farming possible in reservoi
Describe 3 physical factors other than Climate that can lead to low population density in an area
Lack of reliable water supply population is low
Ex-Sahara- North Africa
Areas that flood a lot e.g. Mekong river delta
Thin, rocky, infertile soils in deserts and mountains- Ex North Wales in UK, High Atlas mountains
High altitude Mountainous areas with high altitude and steep slopes. Cold, rare vegetation and frozen soil. Ex-Alps, Andes, Himalayas.
Low lying areas near coast and river too are less populated due to easy flood conditions.
Few economic resources- ex- Sahel region of Africa.
Suggest why CFCs are still present in the atmosphere.
CFCs remain in atmosphere for a long time;
50 years at least;
they are inert / they don’t react readily / they are unreactive
still being released from old fridges / air conditioning units;
and by breakdown of polystyrene;
still some (small) production;
Describe the methods used to supply water in India.
Elaborate and share 2 place specific details:
Desalination
Groundwater
Grey Water
Cloud seeding
Describe population distribution and density in a low population country like Namibia
Case study with Place specific details