Oceans and fisheries
What are bycatch species?
Overfishing leads to the decline of this type of fish population, which includes species that are not the primary target of fishing activities.
What are constructive plate boundaries?
This term describes the process where tectonic plates move apart, creating new crust(volcanoes), hot magma rises from the mantle at mid-ocean ridges, pushing the plates apart.
What is acid rain?
This phenomenon, caused by the release of sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen, leads to the acidification of bodies of water and damage to crops and buildings.
What is the lithosphere?
The lithosphere is the solid, outer part of Earth. The lithosphere includes the brittle upper portion of the mantle and the crust, the outermost layers of Earth's structure. It is bounded by the atmosphere above and the asthenosphere
Name the 4 layers of the atmosphere?(in order)
troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere and thermosphere.
What is wave/tidal energy?
This type of energy, generated by the movement of the sea, is considered a renewable resource from the oceans.
Describe a hurricane?
This type of tropical cyclone, known for its high wind speeds and heavy rainfall, forms between 5° and 20° north or south of the Equator and requires ocean temperatures of at least 27°C.
Explain what is Reforestation?
This practice involves planting trees to absorb carbon dioxide to help counteract the effects of atmospheric pollution and climate change.
What is carbon capture and storage?
CCS involves capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) at emission sources, transporting and then storing or burying it in a suitable deep, underground location
Describe a strategy to manage harvesting of marine species?
a detailed description of anyone of these:net types and mesh size • other species-specific methods: pole and line • quotas • closed seasons • protected areas and reserves • conservation laws • international agreements (implementation and monitoring)
What is the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO)?
This phenomenon, known for disrupting weather patterns, can severely affect marine fish populations along the Pacific coast of South America.
What is Geothermal Energy?
Volcanic eruptions can lead to the formation of fertile soils and provide this form of energy, which utilizes heat from beneath the Earth's surface.
What are volatile organic compounds (VOCs)?
The increased presence of this gas, primarily from industrial processes and vehicle emissions, contributes to the formation of smog and impacts human health.
how is acid rain formed?
Acid rain is caused by a chemical reaction that begins when compounds like sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are released into the air. These substances can rise very high into the atmosphere, where they mix and react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form more acidic pollutants, known as acid rain.
What is a drought and what are the problems it causes?
A drought is a prolonged period of below-average precipitation, leading to water shortages. Problems include reduced crop yields, water supply depletion, increased soil erosion, and heightened risk of wildfires. Droughts can also cause economic losses, food shortages, and impact ecosystems and wildlife.
What is aquaculture (or marine farming)?
This practice involves raising marine species in controlled environments to reduce pressure on wild populations and minimize the impact of overfishing.
Name 6 negative impacts of droughts?
Death of organisms, water sources dry up, decline in crop yields, starvation, increased soil erosion, desertification, decrease in air quality, increased risk of wildfires
Describe and explain 3 strategies used by individuals, governments and the international community to reduce the effects of atmospheric pollution?
Explain any 3 from these:reduction of carbon footprint • reduced use of fossil fuels • energy efficiency • carbon capture and storage • transport policies • international agreement and policies • CFC replacement • catalytic converters • flue-gas desulfurisation • taxation • reforestation and afforestation
what are plate techtonics, name the diff boundaries?
There are three kinds of plate tectonic boundaries: divergent, convergent, and transform plate boundaries. This image shows the three main types of plate boundaries: divergent, convergent, and transform. Image courtesy of the U.S. Geological Survey.
Explain what is Flue-gas desulfurisation?
The process of removing sulphur compounds from the exhaust emissions of fossil-fueled power stations. Often using a scrubber system that reacts SO₂ with a sorbent, such as limestone, to reduce air pollution.
What is the upwelling of cold water? (what problems does this cause?)
During El Niño events, the disruption of this oceanographic process reduces the upwelling of nutrient-rich cold water, leading to a decline in fish populations along the Pacific coast of South America.
Explain the causes of flooding?
Flooding can result from heavy or prolonged rainfall, rapid snowmelt, storm surges, tsunamis, and saturated or compacted soil. Contributing factors include land relief, deforestation, urbanization, and rising sea levels caused by climate change and sea level rise.
What is the reason for Ozone layer depletion?
The ozone layer depletion is primarily caused by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other ozone-depleting substances. These chemicals release chlorine and bromine when broken down by UV radiation, which then destroy ozone molecules in the stratosphere, thinning the protective layer.
What is the asthenosphere?
The asthenosphere is the depth in the earth where heat from the core begins to melt the crust. At around 1300° C, solid crust begins to melt and move in more of a liquid manner. Seismic waves are important in locating the depth of the asthenosphere.
Explain the difference between MEDCs and LEDCs takes on managing the impacts of techtonic events?
MEDCs, like Japan, would use advanced technology for earthquake-resistant buildings, early warning systems, and strict building codes. LEDCs, such as Haiti, often struggle with inadequate infrastructure and resources, relying more on international aid, basic structural improvements, and community-based response strategies to manage the impacts of tectonic events.