Forerunners
This geologist founded modern geology and proposed uniformitarianism.
James Hutton
Darwin sailed on this ship.
The HMS Beagle
Different heritable traits deciding who survives is this process.
Natural selection
Organisms that can reproduce with one another form this.
A species
A long stretch with little change is this.
Stasis
This idea says today’s geologic laws also ran in the past.
Uniformitarianism
On one island Darwin saw these birds with different beaks.
Finches
Heritable differences arise from this kind of gene change.
Random mutation
A new species forming from an old one is this process.
Speciation
Slow piling-up of small changes is this hypothesis.
Gradualism
This writer’s textbook spread that geologic idea and reached Darwin.
Charles Lyell
Darwin thought his finches came from one ancestor, each changed to adapt to this
Their diet, particular walnuts
Sooty trees near Manchester favored this moth color.
Dark
Breeding by humans for desired traits is this.
Artificial selection
Long calm broken by short bursts of change is this hypothesis.
Punctuated equilibrium
This Frenchman said offspring inherit traits acquired in the parent’s life, as in a cut-off mouse tail.
Lamarck
Darwin's phrase for common ancestry plus differences accumulating is this.
Descent with modification
A heritable trait that raises fitness is this.
An adaptation
Extra chromosome sets in plants are this.
Polyploidy
A gene that no longer works is called this.
Pseudogene
This economist said population outruns food, so there is competition.
Thomas Malthus
This experiment showed resistance must already present at random for natural selection to operate on.
Fluctuation test
Lysenko’s Lamarckism, backed by Stalin, cost this geneticist his life in a Gulag.
Nikolai Vavilov
A river splitting one population so each side later cannot interbreed is this kind of speciation.
Allopatric
Mutations ticking at a steady rate would give this dating tool.
Molecular clock