Individuals with this allele appear resistant to HIV infection.
What is the delta 32 allele?
100
A useless or rudimentary version of a body part that has an important function in other, closely allied species.
What is a vestigial structure?
100
A continuous gradient of gradual change in a trait among populations of a species over a geographic range along a geographical transect.
What is a cline?
100
The theory that defines species according to the interbreeding among conspecific populations of and the reproductive isolation from other species' populations.
What is the biological species concept?
100
A relatively small colony derived from a widespread “parent” population diverges and acquires reproductive isolation.
What is the "founder effect" or the "peripheral isolate model"?
200
The allele that prevents HIV infection consists of a 32 base pair deletion which alters this coreceptor so that the virion cannot enter the host cell.
What is the CCR5 co-receptor?
200
A 92 base pair deletion on chromosome 6 in humans has left behind vestigial evidence that we were once able to synthesize this chemical that most other mammals can produce in abundance. This provides a good explanation for why humans and chimps are mainly immune to each others malaria parasites.
What is CMAH?
200
Biological processes of individuals that prevent interbreeding of populations of different species that are actively or potentially sympatric.
What are reproductive isolating mechanisms (RIMs)?
200
The concept that identifies species by estimating the phylogeny of closely related populations and finding the smallest monophyletic group.
What is the phylogenetic species concept?
200
This is when the difference in a feature is observed to be greater between sympatric populations than between allopatric populations.
What is character displacement?
300
This short piece of viral protein, displayed on the surface of the virion or infected host cell, is recognized by antibodies and killer T-cells.
What is an epitope?
300
A transitional fossil shows a mix of features including traits typical of the ancestral populations and of the traits seen in later descendents, such as this one which has traits of the ancestral dinosaur population and has the first bird trait -feathers.
What is Archaeopteryx?
300
Highly susceptible to improvement by natural selection, these reduce the potential waste of gametes and reproductive effort resulting from unsuccessful reproduction efforts.
What are pre-mating isolating mechanisms?
300
A shared, derived trait.
What is a synapomorphy?
300
Hybrids in a hybrid zone show reduced viability or fitness and natural selection favors further evolution of reproductive isolation, to diminish hybridization.
What is the Wallace Effect (aka Reinforcement)?
400
Because this cellular component has a low fidelity and is hence error prone, the likelihood of mutations is high and the process of mutation in HIV is relatively rapid.
What is reverse transcriptase?
400
This is an example of a molecular homology that is shared by all known living creatures.
What the three codons (nucleotide triplets) used to code for amino acids?
400
An aspect of speciation where a new species evolves in a separate geographic area.
What is allopatric speciation?
400
A phylogenetic term referring to a lineage that contains all of the known descendents of a single common ancestor.
What is a monophyletic group?
400
The most important form of polyploidy, this involves the combination of chromosome sets from two species and results in a hybrid offspring with a doubled chromosome number.
What is allopolyploidy?
500
This drug can lose its effectiveness in treating HIV when the virion evolves a mutation in its active site that allows it to select Thymidine instead of the drug.
What is AZT?
500
This man used the Irish Elk as an example to prove that Earth’s flora and fauna change throughout time, including extinction.
Who is Baron Georges Cuvier?
500
The process of allopatric speciation with gradual genetic divergence between species populations divided in to two or more large groups by the emergence of an extrinsic barrier.
What is vicariance or vicariant speciation?
500
Independent groups that appear to be members of the same species based on morphological similarity.
What are cryptic species?
500
This is when selection favors those individuals choosing only mates from the same population, reducing the frequency of hybrids due to loss of fitness.