Show:
The fossil record and extinction
Generalizing Results
Quasi-Experimental Design
Understanding Research Results
Complex Experimental Design
100
The first fossils were found in the __________ period, containing soft body fossils and an explosion of fossils, including animals, which suggested rapid diversification was found in the _________ period. Leading to __________ which creates biodiversity; conversely, __________ removes biodiversity. This end of one and beginning of the other period above was around _____ million years ago.
Ediacaran Period; Cambrian Period. Speciation; Extinction. 600.
100
This is known as "meta-analysis."
What is a set of statistical procedures for combining the results of a number of studies in order to provide a general assessment of the realtionship between variables.
100
This shows how much variation or dispersion exists from the average or mean and is notated by this.
What is…. Standard deviation and "s?" (Bonus: what do you get if you square s? and define s^2)
100
Sometimes used to describe results, Ethnography, (recall from Ch. 6) is defined as this.
(used often in anthropology) What is... a qualitative research design aimed at exploring cultural phenomena and means to represent graphically and in writing, the culture of a people? (Bonus: what else is used to describe results?)
100
This is described as two or more groups of subjects, each being tested by a different testing factor simultaneously.
What is… between group/independent group design. (bonus: what is a repeated measures design and give examples of each)
200
_______ is when ancestral species diversify into a large number of descendant species that occupy a wide variety of ecological niches, the evolution of ecological and phenotypic diversity within a rapidly multiplying lineage; _________ is when species arise and persist for millions of years without apparent change.
Adaptive Radiation; Stasis.
200
Replication of research using different procedures for manipulating or measuring the variables is known as this.
What is conceptual replication?
200
This is described as "maturation."
What is… when any naturally occurring change within the individual is responsible for the results instead of the IV being responsible for the results (bonus: what are and how is this related to "testing" and "instrument decay"?)
200
Prescribing medication to someone who does not need medication would be this ____ type of error.
What is a Type II error. (Bonus: define Type II error, define Type I error and give an example)
200
If there are these _____ between two IVs, the effect of one IV depends on the particular level of the other variable (i.e., the effect that an IV has on the DV depends on the level of the other IV) and is defined as this _____.
What are… Interactions? The differing effect of one IV on the DV, depending on the particular level of another IV. (bonus: what are effects, and what are different types of effects?)
300
This is described as a developmental research method in which persons of different ages are studied at only one point in time; it is conceptually similar to this ____ groups design.
What is a …… cross-secional method and Independent groups design? (bonus, what is a sequential method and a longitudinal method?)
300
In this statistical test, you detemine whether two or more means are significantly different.
What is ANOVA? (bonus: what does ANOVA stand for and what are other statistical tests discussed in the text?)
300
The principle that extreme scores on a variable tend to be closer to the mean when a second measurement is made is known as this.
What is… regression towards the mean?
300
A statistic that describes how strongly variables are related to one another is called this.
What is.... correlation coefficient?
300
This is described as a design in which all levels of each independent variable are combined with all levels of the other independent variables. This design allows investigation of the separate main effects and interactions of two or more independent variables.
What is…. a Factorial design? (bonus: what is the most common factorial design and what is a mixed factorial design?)
400
Demand characteristics are defined as this.
What os... Cues that inform the subject's how he or she is expected to behave?
400
A method of making decisions using data by conducting experiments and making inferences from the results (by rejecting or not rejecting a hypothesis) is known as this.
What is... Hypothesis testing?
400
This is described and a pretest-posttest design.
What is… a true experimental design in which the dependent variable is measured both before (pretest) and after (posttest) manipulation of hte independent variable?
400
This = 1-p(type II error) and is defined as this.
What is ... power, the probability of correctly rejecting the null hypothesis?
400
These are the differences between a control group and an experimental group.
What are.... the control group is a group of subjects closely resembling the treatment group in many demographic variables but not receiving the treatment/manipulation under study and thereby serving as a comparison group when treatment results are evaluated, the experimental group gets the treatment/manipulation.
500
These are known as recordings of responses of the body.
What is physiological measures? (Bonus: is the an independent variable or a dependent variable and give some examples.)
500
These are the scales of measurement.
What are nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio? (bonus, describe all four)
500
Research designed to evaluate programs (like social reforms and innovations) that are designed to produce certain changes or outcomes in a target population is know as this.
What is ... program evaluation?
500
The common relationships found in research, in ______, increases in the values of one variable are accompanied by increases in the values of the second variable; in ______, increases in the values of one variable are accompanied by decreases in the values of the second variable; in ______, increases in the values of one variable are accompanied by both increases and decreases in the values of the other variable. When there is _____ the graph is a flat line.
What are…. positive linear relationship; negative linear relationship; curvilinear relationship; no relationship? (bonus: draw each graph and describe a situation)
500
Bonus answers:
-Reasons to conduct pilot studies: to weed out potentially confusing questions, to test the independent variable (to see if the manipulation works)… -Other ways to describe results: comparing individual scores, comparing group means,... -what do you get if you square s?: the variance, a measure of variability of scores about a mean; the mean of a sum of squared deviations of scores from the group means. -Repeated Measures design: when the same group of subjects measured over time get the same treatment; an example is one group gets the same medication and is measured weekly where as with Independent Groups one group might get medication, another group might get counseling, another group might vitamins, another group might get yoga and meditation- each group is measured after treatment to compare differences in treatments. -effects: Main effect: the effect each variable has by itself; Simple main effects: The effect of one IV at a particular level of another IV -most common factorial design: 2x2; mixed factorial design: combines between and within subjects designs -testing and instrument decay also might be responsible for the results of an experiment instead of the IV. -an example of a matched pairs design: having a group be women under 21 and another group being men under 21 and another could be women over 21 and another could be men over 21 = 4 different matched pair groups, first the groups are assigned and then the individuals are randomly mixed up. -longitudinal method: a developmental research method in which the same persons are observed repeatedly as they grow older (conceptually similar to a repeated measures design; sequential method: a combination of cross-sectional and longitudinal design to study developmental research questions. -physiological measures: a DV, examples include the GSR, EMG, EEG, etc. -Type II error: Null hypothesis is accepted when it is not true. Type I error: when the null hypothesis is rejected when it is true; an example- if the null hypothesis is that medication helps a certain group of people and the people are not treated with medication. -ANOVA: analysis of variance; there is also chi-aquared tests and t-tests.