Histamine & H1 Antagonists
These specific cells in the tissues and basophils in the blood are the primary storage sites for histamine.
What are mast cells?
This chronic inflammatory disorder is characterized by airway obstruction, bronchial hyper-responsiveness, and airway remodeling.
What is Asthma?
These inhaled medications, such as Albuterol, are the most effective drugs for relieving acute bronchospasms and "rescue" situations.
: What are SABAs (Short-Acting Beta2 Agonists)?
These are the two primary clinical conditions that fall under the umbrella of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
What are Emphysema and Chronic Bronchitis?
These drugs, such as Fluticasone propionate, are the most effective for the prevention and treatment of both seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis.
What are Intranasal Glucocorticoids?
Unlike first-generation agents, second-generation antihistamines like Loratadine do not cross this, resulting in significantly less sedation
What is the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?
This diagnostic test measures the volume of air a patient can forcefully exhale in one second and is the most useful for assessing lung function.
What is FEV1 (Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second)?
These anti-inflammatory drugs, such as Fluticasone, are considered the "first-line" therapy for the long-term management of asthma inflammation.
What are Inhaled Glucocorticoids?
A post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC ratio of less than this numerical value is used to confirm a diagnosis of persistent airflow limitation in COPD
What is 0.70?
This class of drugs reduces nasal congestion by activating alpha1-adrenergic receptors on nasal blood vessels to shrink swollen membranes
What are Sympathomimetics (Decongestants)?
This first-generation antihistamine is strictly contraindicated in children under 2 years old due to the risk of potentially fatal respiratory depression.
What is Promethazine?
In the pathophysiology of asthma, an allergen binds to these specific antibodies on mast cells to trigger the release of inflammatory mediators
What are Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies?
This mast cell stabilizer is used as a safe alternative to glucocorticoids for prophylaxis of exercise-induced bronchospasm.
What is Cromolyn?
Unlike asthma management, stable COPD treatment typically starts with these types of bronchodilators without necessarily including a glucocorticoid.
What are LABAs and/or LAMAs (Long-acting Muscarinic Antagonists)
Because they do not work against the viral causes of a cold, the CDC and FDA recommend avoiding OTC cold remedies in children younger than this age
What is 6 years old?
While H1 antagonists are excellent for mild allergies, this drug remains the primary treatment for severe anaphylactic reactions.
What is Epinephrine?
According to the severity classification, a patient experiencing asthma symptoms daily with some limitation on activity is classified as having this stage of asthma.
What is Moderate Persistent Asthma?
Patients using inhaled glucocorticoids must be instructed to rinse their mouths after use to prevent this common fungal adverse effect.
What is Oral Candidiasis (Thrush)?
This long-acting anticholinergic drug blocks muscarinic receptors in the bronchi and is used for long-term maintenance of COPD
What is Tiotropium?
These types of cough suppressants, such as Codeine, act within the CNS to elevate the cough threshold.
What are Opioid Antitussives?
To manage the common anticholinergic side effect of dry mouth, nurses should advise patients to use these two simple interventions
What are frequent sips of fluid and hard sugarless candy?
This hand-held device allows patients to monitor the maximal rate of airflow during expiration at home to track their asthma control
What is a Peak Flow Meter?
This leukotriene modifier carries a "Black Box Warning" due to potential serious neuropsychiatric effects, including suicidality.
What is Montelukast (Singulair)
When oxygen supplementation is required for a COPD exacerbation, the goal is to maintain the oxygen saturation (O2 sat) within this specific percentage range.
What is 88% to 92%?
This expectorant works by stimulating the flow of respiratory tract secretions to make a cough more productive
What is Guaifenesin?