Fiber Types
The three fiber types are
What are Type 1, Type 2a, and Type 2x?
What are the two main contractile proteins that slide past one another during muscle contraction?
What are actin and myosin?
What is the term for a motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates?
What is a motor unit?
What is the term for the number of times the heart beats per minute?
What is heart rate?
What generally happens to heart rate as exercise intensity increases?
What is increase in heart rate?
Which muscle fiber type is most resistant to fatigue and primarily uses aerobic metabolism
What are slow twitch
Which ion binds to troponin to initiate the movement of tropomyosin and expose binding sites on actin?
What is Calcium?
According to the size principle, which motor units are generally recruited first: small, low-threshold units or large, high-threshold units?
What are small, low threshold motor units?
What do systolic and diastolic blood pressure represent, respectively?
What are arterial pressure during ventricular contraction and arterial pressure during ventricular relaxation?
What generally happens to stroke volume when a person transitions from rest to moderate-intensity dynamic exercise?
What is an increase in stroke volume?
Which muscle fiber type produces high force and power but fatigues quickly?
What are fast twitch fibers?
What molecule must bind to myosin to allow it to detach from actin during the cross-bridge cycle?
What is ATP?
What mechanism increases muscle force by increasing how frequently a motor neuron sends action potentials to its muscle fibers?
What is rate coding (What is increased firing frequency)?
What two variables are multiplied together to calculate cardiac output?
What are stroke volume and heart rate?
During dynamic aerobic exercise, which blood pressure measurement typically increases as exercise intensity rises?
What is systolic blood pressure?
Which muscle fiber type has a high mitochondrial density, abundant capillaries, and a high myoglobin content?
What are type 1 fibers?
What type of muscle contraction occurs when a muscle produces force while lengthening, such as when slowly lowering a dumbbell?
What is an eccentric contraction?
Why does a skeletal muscle generally produce less active force when it is extremely shortened or excessively stretched?
What is the decrease in optimal length?
The following formula calculates what: DBP + ⅓(SBP − DBP) = 80 + ⅓(40)
What is MAP: Mean Arterial Pressure?
During dynamic exercise, blood flow is redirected toward active skeletal muscles and the heart. What happens to blood flow to many less-active organs, such as the digestive system?
What is a decrease in blood flow due to vasoconstriction?
An athlete needs to sustain repeated contractions during a long-distance race. Which muscle fiber type would be especially important for this activity?
What are type 1 fibers?
Which neurotransmitter is released by a motor neuron at the neuromuscular junction to initiate a muscle action potential?
What is acetylcholine?
According to the force-velocity relationship, what happens to the force a muscle can produce as the velocity of a concentric contraction increases?
What is force production decrease?
Which branch of the autonomic nervous system increases heart rate during exercise by increasing sympathetic activity and promoting catecholamine release?
What is the sympathetic nervous system?
During prolonged exercise in a hot environment, heart rate may gradually increase while stroke volume decreases, even if exercise intensity stays constant. What is this phenomenon called?
What is cardiovascular drift?