Macro-molecules
What are the three types of Carbohydrates (provide examples of each of them)?
Transport Disaccharides- Lactose, Fructose
Storage Polysaccharides- Starch, Glycogen
Structural Polysaccharides- Cellulose, Chitin
What type of cell are plant and animal cells? What do plant cells have that animal cells lack?
-Eukaryotic
-Plant Cell: Cell wall, Large Central Vacuole, Chloroplast
What are atoms made of? What are the charges of each particle; which particle(s) determine atomic mass and mass number?
Atoms: Protons (+), Neutrons (neutral), Electrons (-)
Atomic Number: # of protons
Mass Number = protons + neutrons
What process of photosynthesis occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast? What is the product?
Calvin Cycle; Glucose.
Where does CO2 come from within cellular respiration?
Pyruvate oxidation and Krebs Cycle
What are the four types of macromolecules and what are the subunits (monomers) of each?
Lipids (Fats): Fatty Acids, Glycerol
Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides
Nucleic Acids: Nucleotides
Proteins: Amino Acid
What are the functions of the Golgi Apparatus; what system is it found in?
•Their function is to collect, package, and distribute molecules manufactured in the cell.
-Endomembrane system
What is utilized to minimize a change in pH? How do they work?
Buffers: take up or release H+ ions.
What is the equation of Photosynthesis? Which of the reactants gives rise to each of the products?
6CO2 + 6H2O = C6H12O6 + 6O2
CO2=C6H12O6
H2O=O2
Which stage makes the most ATP?
Electron Transport Chain
What are four levels of proteins and what occurs at each? (Briefly explain what occurs at each level)
1.Primary structure
2.Secondary structure
3.Tertiary structure
4.Quaternary structure
What is the plasma membrane composed of; is it polar or nonpolar; is it water-soluble or water-insoluble?
-Phospholipid Bilayer; Polar head and 2 non-polar tails. The polar head faces out the cell (water soluble). The nonpolar tails are found within the membrane (water insoluble).
A liquid with a pH of 4 is ___x more concentrated in H+ than a liquid with a pH of 6.
100
Where do the light independent and light dependent cycles occur?
Light dependent: Thylakoid membrane
Light independent: Stroma
What are the stages of cellular respiration? Where does each occur?
Glycolysis > Pyruvate Oxidation > Acetyl CoA > Krebs Cycle > ETC
What are the three parts of a nucleotide?
1. Nitrogenous Base
2. Sugar
3. Phosphate Group
What is the theory of Endosymbiosis?
-States that some organelles evolved from a symbiosis in which one cell of a prokaryotic species was engulfed by and lived inside of a cell of another species of prokaryote that was a precursor to eukaryotes; mitochondria and chloroplast.
What law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed?
First Law of Thermodynamics
What is a photon?
A particle of light energy.
Which stages take place in the cytoplasm of the cell?
What is the difference between Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis?
Hydrolysis: Molecule of water is added to break the bond between monomers.
Dehydration Synthesis: Molecule of water is removed to build a bond.
What are the function of lysosomes?
-These membrane-bounded structures contain enzymes that the cell uses to break down macromolecules.
Types of bonds where electrons are shared is called:
Covalent
What is the name of a pigment-containing complex found in the thylakoid?
Photosystem
What generates ATP in photosynthesis?
ATP synthase