Autism
What are the 3 critical factors that qualify autism as a spectrum disorder?
Varying levels of intellectual ability, varying severity of language problems, and behavior changes with age.
I’m tall when I’m young, and I’m short when I’m old. What am I?
A candle
The most common cause of severe intellectual disability.
Chromosomal abnormalities/ genetics
What SLD is described below:
Deficits in expression despite normal comprehension of speech: often these children have delayed and slow speech development, limited vocabulary, and speech marked by short sentences and simple grammatical structure.
Language Disorder
What building has the most stories?
What are the core deficits and causes of autism?
What are the 4 risk factors for ID?
Biomedical
Social
Behavioral
Educational
What are the causes of cultural-familial intellectual disabilities and what is the associated severity level?
NO CLEAR ORGANIC CAUSE: possible family history of ID.
Suspected causes include economic deprivation, inadequate childcare, poor nutrition, parental psychopathology
Usually associated with mild intellectual disability
Almost ___% of children who stutter at age 5 will no longer stutter after about the first year of school. What is the technical name for this stuttering disorder?
80%
Child-Onset Fluency Disorder
When compared to autism, name 5 differences seen in COS.
Associated with later onset, less intellectual impairment, less severe social and language deficits, hallucinations and delusions, periods of remission and relapse.
10% of children diagnosed with ASD have coexisting medical conditions. Please name 3 common conditions that may accompany Autism.
Motor/sensory impairments, seizures (25%), immunological and metabolic abnormalities, obesity, sleep problems, and gastrointestinal symptoms.
Describe 3 psychosocial treatments for children diagnosed with an intellectual deficit
1. One of the most promising methods for enhancing intellectual and social skills is through early intervention; involves caregivers and other adults in intensive, child-focused activities from an early point in time
2. Behavioral techniques: shaping, modeling, graduated guidance, and social skills training
3. Cognitive–behavioral techniques include self-instructional training for children with some language proficiency, and metacognitive training to improve memory and learning
4. Family-oriented interventions such as problem-focused behavior therapies for parents
5. Some children with intellectual disability may benefit from residential care; the inclusion movement calls for integration of individuals with disabilities into regular classroom settings
Causes include genetic and constitutional factors, such as chromosome abnormalities, single-gene conditions, and neurobiological influences.
Usually associated with severe and profound intellectual disability.
Please give 2/4 of the affected areas of communication in a child with Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder?
Difficulty with the social use of language, called pragmatics.
1. Deficits in using communication for social purposes;
2. Difficulties changing communication to fit the situation or listener;
3. Problems following the rules of language;
4. Difficulties understanding what someone is not explicitly saying
In what area of the brain are language functions primarily housed?
Left temporal lobe
90% of children diagnosed with ASD have a co-occurring disorder and 50% of children diagnosed with ASD have 4 or more. Please name 3 common disorders that may accompany Autism.
Anxiety disorders, learning disabilities, oppositional/conduct disturbances, self-injurious behavior.
What are the main differences between ASD and ID's?
ASD: Social communication, Restricted and repetitive behaviors
ID: Lack of adaptive skills, Intellectual deficits
What are single-gene conditions?
Syndromes affecting intellectual functioning caused by inborn errors of metabolism that cause excesses or shortages of certain chemicals necessary during particular stages of development; phenylketonuria (PKU) is an example of a such a condition
Please give 3 characteristics of a child with an impairment in writing expression.
◦Children with writing disorders typically produce shorter, less interesting, and poorly organized essays, and are less likely to review spelling, punctuation, and grammar
Children with writing disorders also often have problems with tasks requiring eye–hand coordination, despite normal gross motor development
Writing disorders are commonly found in combination with a learning disorder in reading or mathematics because of underlying core deficits in language and neuropsychological development
Please give the name of a disorder associated with an abnormality of chromosome 15 and believed to be from spontaneous genetic birth defects that occur at or near the time of conception.
Angelman syndrome and Prader-Willi syndrome
Explain the early interventions used to treat ASD. There are 2 specific ones we discussed in class.
The goal is building rapport and teaching learning readiness skills
Discrete trial training- a step-by-step approach to presenting a stimulus and requiring a specific response.
Incidental training- strengthens a behavior by capitalizing on naturally occurring opportunities.
COS involves multiple genes and is associated with developmental and environmental vulnerabilities.
Appears to particularly be associated with family stress; parents have high scores of communication deviance
The most common cause of inherited intellectual disability. Think: chromosomes
Fragile-X syndrome (associated with the FMR-1 gene, which is located on the X chromosome. May show autism-like behaviors)
Please give 3 characteristics of a child with an impairment in mathematics.
May be characterized by difficulty in recognizing numbers and symbols, memorizing facts, aligning numbers, and/or understanding abstract concepts
May also be associated with problems in visual-spatial ability
Children with mathematics disorders typically have core deficits in arithmetic calculation and/or mathematic reasoning abilities
Explain the childhood interventions used to treat Autism. There are 2 interventions we discussed in class.
The goal is to establish appropriate social behavior (expression of affection, imitation, sharing, and turn-taking).
1) Interactions with normal or mildly handicapped peers2) Reward systems for social initiation