Kind of Everything
Sample is to statistics, as population is to _______.
Parameter
What term do we use to describe the natural variation people sample and population values?
Sampling Error
What is an example of categorical data?
*Answers will vary, but you assign a number to represent a variable. For example, you could do female = 1, and male = 2
Give an example of a non-probability sampling method
Convenience; Volunteer Response; Judgement Sampling
What is an example of deliberate bias?
*Answers will vary
What is an explanatory variable?
This is the variable that explains the relationship being observed. It is also known as the independent variable.
What is informed consent?
As highlighted by the APA ethical standards, this is telling participants that they have the OPTION to participate and do NOT have to participate if they do NOT want to participate.
The smaller of the sample size, the ______ the margin of error
larger
What is a continuous variable?
Basically, a number
How do we correct for bias?
Randomization of participants into groups
What is the difference between validity and reliability?
Reliability is the extent to which a test gives you the same results each time; validity describes how well your test measures a construct.
First, I collect a sample. Then, I divide that sample into smaller groups. What type of sampling method did I just use?
Stratified Random Sampling
The results for the House Cup tournament show that Slytherin House won by 87%. In a gallup poll, the results predicted that Gryffindor would win by 87%. Which is the population parameter?
Slytherin got 87%
Dr. Katherine Green is conducting a study examining the effects of self-esteem on the likelihood of engaging in altruistic behaviors. She measure self-esteem (high, normal, low) and then looks at the frequency of altruistic behaviors in each group. What type of study is this and why? (i.e., is this experimental or observational?)
Observational, she is comparing groups without a manipulation.
Give an example of a study with low internal validity and high external validity
Observational
The margin of error is 8%. How many people were sampled?
156
Everyone gets some points!
What is the difference between an observational and an experimental design?
*Answers will vary
What are the three types of validity I emphasized in class?
Predictive (how well does the measure predict what we are measuring), construct (how well does the measure measure what we are aiming to measure), content (does the test measure what is relevant to what we are measuring)
A recent poll came to find that 47% of millennials will favor mayonnaise over texting on their cellphone. The margin of error is 4%. What conclusion can be drawn?
We don't know. Because 50% is in this confidence interval range, it could go either way.