Viruses (1)
What are the two goals of a virus once it enters a cell.
Replicate it's genetic material, and make virus proteins so new viruses can assemble and infect other cells
Type of virus that infects bacteria.
bacteriophage
What type of virus is HIV, and which cells in your immune system does HIV attack.
Retrovirus, and it attacks your T cells
Daily Double- What are three reasons why plants are essential for life
1. Plants produce oxygen
2. Plants absorb excess carbon dioxide which is a greenhouse gas
3. Plants are the bottom of the food chain
Where is oxygen, ATP, and NADPH produced in the light reaction
1. Oxygen - PS2
2. ATP- ETC CONNECTS PS2 WITH PS1
3. NADPH- ETC OF PS2
Provide 3 reasons why viruses are not classified as living organisms.
1. Can not reproduce independently
2. Can not produce own energy
3. Not made of cells.
All viruses have two components some have a third component what are the components.
1. Genetic Material
2. Capsid
3. Envelope - some
Compare and Contrast specialized and generalized transduction
Transduction is the transfer of bacterial DNA from a host bacterial cell through a recipient bacterial cell in which a virus transports the DNA from the host cell to the recipient cell.
•Generalized Transduction occurs during the lytic cycle in which a random piece of host cell bacterial DNA is incorporated into the newly assembled bacteriophage that then when the bacteriophage infects a new cell (recipient cell) that piece of bacterial DNA from the host cell through homologous recombination will exchange with the bacterial DNA in the recipient cell.
•Specialized Transduction occurs during the lysogenic cycle in which a piece of bacterial DNA attached to bacteriophage DNA that had integrated into the host cell DNA is now linked to the bacteriophage DNA when the lytic cycle is activated resulting in the bacteriophage DNA leaving the host cell bacterial DNA. when the bacteriophage infects a new cell (recipient cell) that piece of bacterial DNA from the host cell through homologous recombination will exchange with the bacterial DNA in the recipient cell.
what are three items produced in the light reaction. and which of these items are used in the dark reaction
ATP, NAPDH, and O2. ATP and NAPDH are used in the dark reaction.
where do the two electrons travel to that are lost in PS2, and where do the two electrons lost in PS1 travel to?
Two electrons lost in PS2 travel down the ETC between PS2 and PS1.
Two electrons lost in PS1 travel down an ETC connected to PS1
Term when during the lysogenic cylcle when a bacteriophage integrates into the host cell genomic DNA.
prophage
What are 4 resources the host cell provides for a virus
1. Ribosomes
2. Amino Acids
3. Sugars
4. Energy
5. tRNA
6. Nucleotides
Daily Double - Provide five treatments to attack a retrovirus
1. Inhibit RME
2. Inhibit reverse transcriptiase reaction
3, Inhibit the integrase enzyme so the viral DNA cannot integrate into the host cell DNA
4. Design a drug that will prevent translation of only viral mRNA's
5. Once RT occurs prevent the virus DNA from traveling to the nucleus
Where does fermentation occur, when does fermentation occur and explain what the purpose of fermentation is
In the cytoplasm, When oxygen is not available, regenerate NAD+ to allow for continued glycolysis.
Explain the difference between an oxidation and reduction reaction. Explain if the formation of NADH in stages 1-3 is an oxidation or reduction reaction. Explain if NADH and FADH2 converted back to NAD+ and FADH in ETC is an oxidation or reduction reaction
Oxidation loss of electrons. Reduction gain of electrons. Formation of NADH in stages 1-3 reduction reaction, formation of FADH2 in stage 3 reduction. Loss of electrons in both NADH and FADH2 in ETC is an oxidation reaction
Describe the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage.
Bacteriophage injects it's DNA into the bacterial cell.
2. Bacteriophage replicates it's DNA, makes virus proteins, assembles into new viruses and destroys the host cell DNA.
3. Assembled viruses will then lyse the host cell and infect new host cells
Describe the lysogenic cycle of bacteriophages
1. Bacteriophage injects it's DNA into the host cell.
2. Virus DNA integrates into host cell DNA.
3. Virus is dorment, and each time the host cell bacterial cell divides the progeny have a copy of the virus DNA.
4. Some environmental stress will now shif the lysogenic cycle to the lytic cycle, where the virus DNA removes itself from the bacterial DNA and now the lytic cycle will occur.
What is one advantage and one disadvantage using retroviruses in gene therapy
advantage is when cell divides each cell gets a copy of the gene. disadvantage is can integrate into an incorrect site in the host cell DNA that could have a lethal effect.
Explain in metabolism of plants the connection between photosynthesis and respiration.
Plants through photosynthesis make glucose which is the fuel of life. When a plant needs energy through cellular respiration it will break glucose down to produce ATP. Photosynthesis produces oxygen which is required for cellular respiration, while cellular respiration produces carbon dioxide which is required for photosynthesis
What is mitophagy, and describe how PINK1 and Parkin promotes mitophagy.
Mitophagy is the removal by the lysosome of defective mitochondria. Mitochondrial stress will activate the kinase protein PINK1. PINK1 will activate the E3 ligase PARKIN, which will bind to the defective mitochondria and allow the defective mitochondria to be ubquitinated by an E2 enzyme, which will target the defective mitochondria to the lysosome for degradation.
Describe in detail the lifecycle of a DNA virus
1. Virus enters host cell through receptor- mediated endocytosos
2. Once virus is inside the cell the capsid beaks down and the DNA is released.
3. Virus DNA migrates to the nucleus
3. Virus uses host cell RNA polymerase to transcribe " early genes " which include virus RNA polymerase, virus DNA polymerase and transcription factors for intermediate genes.
4. Using virus RNA polymerase and the intermediate transcription factors " intermediate genes " are transcribed, which include transcription factors for late genes.
5. Using both the virus RNA polymerase and the late stage transcription factors, " late genes " are transcribed which include virus capsid and envelope proteins.
6. Viral RNAs travel to bound ribosomes on rough ER, where they are translated, and then travel to the golgi where the proteins are modified.
7. Virus DNA ( replicated by the virus DNA polymerase) and virus proteins assemble to make new viruses
8. Viruses will leave cell through exocytosis or by lysing the cell.
Describe the life cycle of a retrovirus
1. Virus enters cell through RME
2, Capsid is broken down and the RNA is released.
3. Using the RT enzyme RNA is converted into DNA
4. DNA travels to nucleus and integrates into host cell DNA using the virus enzyme integrase.
4. Using host cell RNA polymerase performs transcription to make virus mRNA's ( that code for capsid, envelop proteins, and virus RNA polymerase to replicate the virus RNA)
5. These virus mRNA's travel to ribosomes on the rough ER to produce virus proteins, and then travel to the golgi where they are modified.
6. Virus RNA ( replicated by the virus RNA polymerase) and virus proteins assemble to make new viruses
7. Viruses will leave cell through exocytosis or lyse the cell
Describe in detail the lifecycle of a eukaryotic RNA virus
1. Virus enters host cell through receptor- mediated endocytosos
2. Capsid breaks down, and the RNA is released.
3. Virus RNA is translated on ribosomes on the rough ER to produce virus proteins such as capsid proteins, envelope proteins, and RNA polymerase to replicate the RNA.
4. Viral RNAs travel to bound ribosomes on rough ER, where they are translated, and then travel to the golgi where the proteins are modified.
3. Virus RNA and virus proteins assemble to make new viruses
4. Viruses will leave cell through exocytosis or lyse the cell
Describe in detail how 34 ATP is produced in the ETC
1. Electrons stored in both NADH and FADH2 are oxidized and passed to electron carrier proteins.
2. Energy is released as electrons are passed to one carrier to the next
3. Energy that is released moves protons form low conc. (matrix) to high conc. (IMS) creating an electrochemical gradient
4. Protons travel down the electrochemical gradient from IMS to matrix through ATP synthatse releasing energy to convert ADP and P to ATP.
5. Oxygen is the final electron acceptor receiving 2 electrons from the ETC and 2 H+ from the matrix to convert oxygen to water.
What is mitophagy, and describe how PINK1 and Parkin promotes mitophagy.
Mitophagy is the removal by the lysosome of defective mitochondria. Mitochondrial stress will activate the kinase protein PINK1. PINK1 will activate the E3 ligase PARKIN, which will bind to the defective mitochondria and allow the defective mitochondria to be ubquitinated by an E2 enzyme, which will target the defective mitochondria to the lysosome for degradation.