general
what is a hormone?
long distance chemical signals, travel in blood or lymph
what are the 3 types of stimuli that trigger the release of hormones
humoral, neural, hormonal
what is the body's main metabolic hormone
thyroid hormone
what is the pH of blood
7.35-7.45
digesting parasitic worms, allergies, asthma
what is the hematocrit
% of blood volume that is RBC
what is up-regulation, down-regulation
up regulation; target cells form more receptors in response to low hormone levels
down regulation; target cells lose receptors in response to high hormone levels
what ion does PTH maintain homeostatic for
Ca2+
what are the formed elements
1. erythrocytes
2. leukocytes
3. platelets
T/F - the anterior pituitary consists of neural tissue
F - glandular tissue
define autocrine and paracrine
Autocrine: chemicals that exert effects on the same cells that secrete them
Paracrine: locally acting chemicals that affect cells other than those that secrete them
what is permissiveness? what is synergism?
permissiveness; one hormone cannot exert its effects without another hormone being present
synergism; more than one hormone produces the same effects on target cell, causing amplification
T/F - the adrenal medulla is part of the nervous system
T - part of the SNS
which component of hemoglobin gives the compound its red color? how many molecules of O2 bind to this?
Fe, 4 O2
what is the most common glucocorticoid? what does this hormone do?
1. cortisol
2. increase blood glucose, FAs, AAs; gluconeogensis, increase BP by enhancing vasoconstriction
list 6 hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary
growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin
what is the function of ADH
target kidney tubules to reabsorb more water to inhibit or prevent urine formation
what is aldosterone? what regulates it's secretion?
1. most potent mineralocorticoid & stimulates Na+ reabsorption by kidneys
2. RAAS, concentration of K+, ACTH, ANP
what does EPO stimulate, where is it released?
1. stimulates formation of RBCs
2. released by the kidneys
what are the steps in hemostasis
1. vascular spasm
2. platelet plug formation (pos feedback cycle, platelet stick to collagen fibers)
3. coagulation (blood clotting, reinforces platelet plug with fibrin threads)
what hormone does the pineal gland secrete? what does it affect?
melatonin; day/night cycles, physiological processes that show rhythmic variations (body temp, sleep, appetite)
what does glucagon do
raise blood glucose levels by targeting the liver to:
1.breaking down glycogen --> glucose (glycogenolysis)
2. synthesize glucose from lactic acid and other non-carbohydrates (gluconeogenesis)
3. release glucose into blood
what are the 3 cardinal signs of diabetes mellitus
1. polyuria - increased urine output
2. polydipsia - excessive thrust
3. polyphagia - excessive hunger and food consumption
which WBCs have granules? which do not?
Granulocytes - neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
Agranulocytes - lymphocytes, monocytes
what hormone is secreted by the heart? the kidneys?
1. atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) - decreases blood Na+ concentration, therefore decreasing BP and BV
2. erythropoietin (EPO) - signals production of RBCs