Chapter 1
What is Anatomy and what is physiology?
Anatomy is the study of the structure of living things (how it looks)
Physiology is the study of life, specifically, how cells, tissues, and organisms function
What is the smallest subunit of matter?
An atome
What are the 4 parts of the Cell Theory?
1. Every living organism is composed of cells and cell products.
2. All cells come from the division of pre-existing cells.
3. Cells are the simplest structural and functional unit of life.
4. Each cell maintains homeostasis at the cellular level.
What are the parts of the cell cycle?
Interphase (including G1, S, and G2 phases), Mitosis (M phase) which includes prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, and finally cytokinesis.
Describe anatomical position
Show it
What is the difference between a section and plane and can you name all 4 body cavities?
Cranial cavity, vertebral canal, thoracic cavity (pleural and pericardial), abdominal cavity ( abdominal and pelvic)
What are the 4 macromolecules?
Carbohydrates, Fats, Proteins, and nucleic acids
What are the 3 functions of the plasma membrane?
1. Defines the boundaries of the cell.
2. Governs the interactions of the cell
with other cells.
3. Controls the passage of materials into
and out of the cell.
What is transcription and what is translation?
Step 1: DNA(gene) is copied into RNA. This is called transcription.
Step 2: RNA is converted into a Protein. This is called translation
What are the 5 ways to examine a human body
Inspection: looking at the subject
Palpation: touching and feeling the subject
Auscultation: Listening to the sound
Percussion: tapping on the body and listening for sounds and abnormalities
What is homeostasis and apply this to thermoregulation?
Homeostasis, the process of maintaining a stable internal environment
Homeostasis and thermoregulation relate because the body constantly adjusts many processes in the body to maintain a stable temperature to be in homeostasis
Describe the terms catabolism and Anabolism?
Catabolism: energy releasing exergonic decomposition reaction (breaking bonds=smaller molecules)
Anabolism: energy storing endergonic (requires energy)
Describe the terms Passive Mechanisms and Active Mechanisms and what are the differences between the primary and secondary active mechanism?
Passive Mechanisms- No energy needed for movement across the
plasma membrane. Includes Filtration, diffusion and osmosis.
Active Mechanisms- Energy is required to move across the plasma
membrane. Includes active transport and vesicular mechanisms.
Primary Active Transport
• A carrier moves a substance through a cell membrane against its
concentration gradient using energy produce by ATP directly.
Secondary Active Transport
• Molecules move against their concentration gradient. Energy is provided
indirectly.
What are 3 types of RNA molecules that participate in Protein Synthesis
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
• A gene is transcribed into a single stranded mRNA transcript.
2. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
• A ribosome is made up of a rRNA subunit and a protein
subunit. The ribosome is the site of translation.
3. Transfer RNA (tRNA)
• tRNAs carry amino acids to convert the mRNA transcript into
a protein.
Whats the difference between Cytology and Histology
Cytology: is the study of cell and their structure.
histology: is the study of tissues and their structure.
What are examples of the negative feedback mechanism and positive feedback?
Negative feedback is a method to maintain homeostasis in the body, the effector and receptor are opposite (example: cold body shiver to get warm)
Positive feedback is a method to maintain homeostasis in the body, the effector and receptor are the same (example: sick body gets a fever to get hot and kill bacteria)
What are free radicals and what can it cause?
When atoms drop electrons and another picks it
causes cancer
Describe what happens to a cell when dropped in hypotonic, hypertonic, isotonic solutions.
Hypertonic solution: the cell will shrivel because the net movement of water will move out of the cell
Hypotonic solution: the cell will swell because the net movement of water will go into the cell.
Isotonic solution: The cell will not change there is no net movement of water into or out of the cell.
What is a cell cycle checkpoint and why is it used?
Cell cycle checkpoints ensure the correct completion of each phase and if the cell can proceed to the next.
Example the G1 checkpoint determines if the cell will proceed to S phase.
What is the sagittal section, frontal section, transverse section show it.
sagittal section: longitudinal cut in half all the way down
Fontal section: cut in half from the side
Transverse section: horizontal cut in half
The human body is arranged in a hierarchy from simple to complex what is that hierarchy?
Atom, Molecule, Organelle, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ system, Organism
Why is water important and what are its 4 unique properties?
Water is essential for life and a major part of the human body.
• Water makes up two-thirds of total body weight.
• Water has many unique properties that make it important.
Solvency-Water is a universal solvent
Cohesion and Adhesion
• Cohesion is the tendency of the same substances to stick together.
• Adhesion is the tendency of one substance to stick to another.
Chemical Reactivity.
• Water has the ability to take part in chemical reactions and
chemical reactions take place in water in the human body.
Thermal Stability- Water has a high heat capacity
Explain the sodium potassium pump
The SPP binds three sodium ions and a molecule of ATP
The splitting of APT (becomes ADP a phosphate still on the channel) provides energy to change the shape of the channel allowing the sodium ion to go through the channel.
The sodium ions are released outside of the cell and the new shape of the channel allows two potassium ions to bind to it.
The releasement of the phosphate allows the channel to revert to its original shape in doing so pushes out the two potassium ions inside the cell.
What are the 5 phases of mitosis? Describe each phase.
Prophase: chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes, the nuclear membrane breaks down, and the spindle fibers begin to form, with chromosomes attaching to them at the centromere.
Metaphase: the chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell, called the metaphase plate, ensuring equal distribution of chromosomes to the daughter cells.
Anaphase: the sister chromatids of each chromosome separate and are pulled apart by the spindle fibers towards opposite poles of the cell.
Telophase: the separated chromosomes reach the poles of the cell, a new nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes, and the chromosomes begin to de-condense back into chromatin.
Cytokinesis: the cytoplasm of the cell divides into two separate daughter cells
Show the four quadrants of the stomach and the 9 regions of the pelvic abdominal.
right upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left lower quadrant, left upper quadrant.
Epigastric region, umbilical region, hypogastric region, right and left lumbar region, left and right inguinal region, left and right hypochondriac region.