History1
Which element is a tentatively proposed explanation for a phenomenon, to be tested?
A) Theory
B) Anecdote
C) Hypothesis
D) Law
(C) Hypothesis
What is the most accurate definition of psychology according to this section?
A) The philosophical study of the mind and spirit
B) The scientific study of the mind and behavior
C) The artistic interpretation of human emotions and thoughts
D) The study of societal values and morality
B) The scientific study of the mind and behavior
A broad explanation consistently supported by evidence is called a:
A) Hypothesis
B) Variable
C) Theory
D) Correlation
C) Theory
Which method involves observing behavior in its natural setting without interfering?
A) Archival research
B) Experimental research
C) Naturalistic observation
D) Survey research
C) Naturalistic observation
Why is replication important in psychological science?
A) It reduces statistical significance
B) It helps confirm the reliability of findings across different studies
C) It eliminates the need for ethical review
D) It ensures results are always valid
B) It helps confirm the reliability of findings across different studies
Who established the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany in 1879?
A) William James
B) Wilhelm Wundt
C) Sigmund Freud
D) John B. Watson
B) Wilhelm Wundt
Structuralism, promoted by Edward Titchener, focused on:
A) Breaking mental processes into basic components using introspection
B) The adaptive purposes of mental and behavioral processes
C) Unconscious desires and conflicts
D) Observable behavior and conditioning
A) Breaking mental processes into basic components using introspection
Which of the following is the best example of a hypothesis?
A) “Anxiety and test performance are related.”
B) “Students will score higher on tests when they get 8 hours of sleep.”
C) “Sleep is important for brain functioning.”
D) “Stress can be harmful.”
B) “Students will score higher on tests when they get 8 hours of sleep.”
Case studies are particularly useful because they:
A) Allow generalization to large populations
B) Provide rich, detailed information about one individual or a small group
C) Eliminate the possibility of researcher bias
D) Always establish cause-and-effect
B) Provide rich, detailed information about one individual or a small group
When is deception considered acceptable in psychological research?
A) If it is approved by the IRB and does not cause lasting harm
B) Whenever it makes the study more interesting
C) If participants give consent to be deceived
D) Only when working with animals
A) If it is approved by the IRB and does not cause lasting harm
Gestalt psychology, founded in part by Max Wertheimer, emphasized:
A) The unconscious processes behind perception
B) The idea that the whole is different from the sum of its parts
C) How reinforcement shapes behavior
D) The structure of conscious experience
B) The idea that the whole is different from the sum of its parts
Which two psychologists are most associated with the development of humanism?
A) Watson and Skinner
B) Freud and Jung
C) Maslow and Rogers
D) Pavlov and Wundt
C) Maslow and Rogers
Which ethical principle requires that participants be fully informed about a study’s purpose, procedures, and risks before agreeing to participate?
A) Debriefing
B) Confidentiality
C) Anonymity
D) Informed consent
D) Informed consent
If a test measures what it claims to measure, it is said to have:
A) Validity
B) Reliability
C) Significance
D) Generalizability
A) Validity
Which phrase best describes correlation?
A) Correlation proves causation
B) Correlation rules out confounding variables
C) Correlation shows an association, not cause-and-effect
D) Correlation means no relationship exists
C) Correlation shows an association, not cause-and-effect
Which two psychologists are most associated with the development of humanism?
A) Watson and Skinner
B) Freud and Jung
C) Maslow and Rogers
D) Pavlov and Wundt
C. Maslow and Roger’s
Which modern perspective in psychology grew partly as a reaction against behaviorism and psychoanalysis, focusing instead on free will and human potential?
A) Cognitive psychology
B) Humanism
C) Structuralism
D) Functionalism
B. Humanism
Which research design measures the relationship between two variables but does not imply causation?
A)Correlational research
B) Experimental research
C) Case study
D) Clinical trial
A)Correlational research
The variable that the researcher manipulates in an experiment is the:
A) Control variable
B) Independent variable
C) Dependent variable
D) Confounding variable
B) Independent variable
The group that does not receive the experimental treatment in a study is called the:
A) Control group
B) Experimental group
C) Dependent group
D) Placebo variable
A) Control group
What is the main difference between a PhD and PsyD in psychology?
A) PhD emphasizes research, while PsyD emphasizes clinical practice
B) PsyD requires more years of study than PhD
C) PhD is only for psychiatrists
D) PsyD does not require internships
A) PhD emphasizes research, while PsyD emphasizes clinical practice
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs emphasizes that people are motivated by:
A) The pursuit of reinforcement
B) A drive to reduce unconscious conflict
C) A progression from basic survival to self-actualization
D) The structure of mental processes
C) A progression from basic survival to self-actualization
Survey research is especially useful when psychologists need to:
A) Establish cause-and-effect relationships
B) Collect large amounts of self-report data quickly
C) Eliminate social desirability bias
D) Avoid generalization
B) Collect large amounts of self-report data quickly
A bathroom scale that always gives you the same weight reading, even if it’s wrong, is an example of:
A) Reliable but not valid measurement
B) Valid but not reliable measurement
C) Both reliable and valid measurement
D) Neither reliable nor valid measurement
A) Reliable but not valid measurement
If two variables have a correlation coefficient (r) of +0.80, this indicates:
A) A weak negative relationship
B) A strong positive relationship
C) No relationship
D) A cause-and-effect relationship
B) A strong positive relationship