cardiac
pressure generated at the end of diastole
cardiac preload aka left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP)***
local: heat & redness: from vasodilation and increased blood flow***** swelling from exudate fluid from capillary permeability. pain from pressure by exudate.
systemic: fever, leukocytosis, left shift, increased plasma protein synthesis, acute phase reactants.
s/s of inflammation
leukemia*** and brain tumors account for 61%
most common childhood cancers from birth to 14 years old
deficiency of this chemical may result in hypothyroidism
iodine (endemic goiter)
central obesity, dyslipidemia (hyperlipidemia), hypertension, and elevated fasting blood glucose (hyperglycemia) are the 4 disorders that make up this condition and increase risk for heart disease, diabetes and stroke.
metabolic syndrome (syndrome x)
fusiform/circumferential, saccular, dissecting**, false
different types of aneurysms
antibodies or T cells are produced after either a natural exposure **** to an antigen or after immunization and is long lived
active acquired immunity
protruding tongue, growth retardation, jaundice, dry skin, slow reflexes, hoarse voice
clinical manifestations of congenital hypothyroidism
high urinary osmolarity***, high urinary sodium concentration, hyponatremia
clinical manifestations of SIADH
with hypertension, angina/mi, transient ischemic attach (TIA), stroke**, peripheral arterial disease are examples of..
target organ damage (caused by hypertension)
in htn: this phenomenon causes *****decreased sodium and water excretion at normal pressures --> contributing to sustained hypertension*****
natriuresis shifts
most common allergies are this kind of reaction****
the most potent mediator is histamine*** which affects several key target cells
Type 1: IgE mediated
blood shunts from right to left*****, consists of four defects
TOF (tetralogy of fallot)
blood shunts from right to left through the VSD****
virchow triad***, inherited disorders, estrogen use, obesity, orthopedic surgery, immobility, trauma, pregnancy, malignancy, vena cava syndrome**, IBD, polythycemia vera, and venous catheters are all examples of
risk factors for dvt
the body releasing angiotensin II during an MI
counterproductive; it causes the heart to work harder
LVEDP aka Preload*****
diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic neuropathy are this type of complications of DM
microvascular
oxygenated blood shunts left to right of the heart via defect
VSD
normal: 4%-5.6%
increased risk: 5.7%-6.4%
diagnosis:6.5% or higher
HgbA1C (glycoslated hemoglobin) in correlation to diabetes
catecholamines, RAAS, arginine vasopressin, natriuretic peptides
complex constellation of systolic heart failure (HFrEF)
this hormone mediates remodeling of the ventricular wall, contributing to sarcomere death, loss of normal collagen matrix and interstitial fibrosis
Angiotensin II
endocardial damage, blood-borne microorganisms adherence, bacterial infiltrate
risk factors for endocarditis
this condition is incompatible with extra uterine life unless a communication exists between the two circuits to provide the necessary oxygen to the body******
communication is accomplished by mixing pulmonary and systemic circulations through a PDA,ASD or VSD
transposition of the great arteries
parathyroid glans are related to alterations in calcium balance. inadequate intake malabsorption and/or renal changes take place.***
Growth hormone and insulin like growth hormone: both decline with ____, called the somotopause-linked to decreases in muscle size and function, fat and bone mass, changes in the reproductive and cognitive functions.********
effects of aging and the endocrine system
starry classification 1: by 8 months** of age, 45% of infants had macrophages in the intimate cells that was becoming lip laden foam cells.
starry classification 2: by puberty
starry classification 3&4:fatty streaks are visible
starry classification 5: by third decade of life, smooth muscle cells
pathogenesis of atherosclerosis- the stages of plaque