Fluid and Electrolytes
The most dangerous complication of untreated hyponatremia.
Siezures
A patient has high serum sodium, high urine output, and low urine specific gravity. Which disorder is most likely?
Diabetes insipidus
This solution should be hung if TPN unexpectedly runs out.
What is D10?
A patient with severe dehydration, extreme hyperglycemia, and no ketones is most likely experiencing this condition.
hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome (HHS)
Hypophosphatemia
A CKD patient with hyperkalemia, peaked T waves, and muscle weakness requires this immediate intervention.
cardiac stabilization and potassium reduction therapy with CALCIUM GLUCONATE
A patient has low serum sodium, low urine output, and high urine specific gravity. Which disorder is most likely?
SIADH
Why can malnutrition exist in both obesity and undernutrition?
What is nutrient imbalance despite excess or deficient caloric intake?
This counter-regulatory hormone increases blood glucose during stress and illness, worsening hyperglycemia.
cortisol
Normal Range for Calcium
9.0-10.5 mEq/dL
A patient with vomiting, diarrhea, hypotension, and tachycardia most likely has this combined imbalance
hyponatremia with hypovolemia
In DI, why does hypernatremia develop even when the patient has unrestricted access to water?
Because free water losses exceed intake due to inability to concentrate urine
A patient with severe calorie deficiency shows muscle wasting and fat loss but often has preserved serum proteins.
What is marasmus?
The primary compensatory mechanism for metabolic acidosis involves this body system.
respiratory system (hyperventilation)?
Potassium is > 5.0 mEq/L
Hyperkalemia
Rapid correction of hyponatremia places the patient at risk for this catastrophic neurologic condition.
osmotic demyelination syndrome
Why are hypotonic fluids contraindicated in SIADH?
Because they worsen hyponatremia and cerebral edema.
The hallmark stool finding in malabsorption caused by fat malabsorption.
What is steatorrhea?
This insulin provides basal coverage with no pronounced peak and should not be mixed with other insulins.
This insulin provides basal coverage with no pronounced peak and should not be mixed with other insulins.
Sodium
A positive Trousseau or Chvostek sign indicates this electrolyte imbalance
hypocalcemia
Which patient is at greater immediate risk:
SIADH with Na⁺ 122 and confusion
DI with Na⁺ 152 and thirst
SIADH patient (risk of cerebral edema and seizures)
This method of enteral feeding allows for scheduled “down time” to promote patient mobility
cyclic feeding
This diabetes medication worsens heart failure by causing fluid retention.
pioglitazone (thiazolidinedione)
Normal Range Phosphate
3-4.5 mg/dL