Signaling Pathways
What is the signaling molecule found in both G-protein signaling pathways?
Epinephrine
What kind of reaction joins molecules together by releasing water?
Dehydration
What kind of organism allows internal physiological conditions to vary depending on environmental ones?
Conformers
What is the difference between active transport vs passive transport?
Use of ATP
True or false: All proteins enter the endomembrane system
false
What are the three types of cell signals?
Autocrine, Paracrine, Endocrine
What determines if an amino acid is hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
its R goup
What part of the homeostatic system acts as the control center, deciding what actions need to be taken?
Integrator
Receptor mediated, pinocytosis, phagocytosis
Actin
What is the second messenger in the G-protein signaling pathway via Adenylyl Cyclase?
cAMP
What is the name of the bond that joins two nucleotides?
Phosphodiester
Which feedback loop is used in the homeostatic system?
Negative
Give two examples of molecules that would have low permeability.
Ions: Ca2+, K+, Na+
Macromolecules: proteins, nucleic acids
Give one potential target of a drug that prevents muscle contraction. Think about the STP.
What kind of channel is present on the smooth ER, allowing IP3 to bind?
Ligand gated Ca2+ channel
Which type of fatty acid has a kink in its structure?
Unsaturated
High surface area to low volume
Answer the following regarding the sodium-potassium pump:
How many of each molecule are going where?
ATP or no ATP?
3 Na+ out 2 K+ in , yes ATP
What part of the cytoskeleton acts as guide wires to prevent the cell from being overstretched and maintain structure even after the cell dies?
Intermediate filaments
What chemical change turns a G protein off after it has been activated?
Hydrolysis of GTP to GDP
Which of the four macromolecules is most likely to dissolve in water?
Carbohydrates (OH groups!)
On a hot sunny day, you go for a run. What are two physiological responses you may experience as your body temperature increases over time?
sweating and vasodialation
The concentration of galactose in the fluid of the small intestine is 20mM, and inside the epithelial cell, the concentration is 5mM. Which way will galactose move and how?
from the fluid into the cell, via diffusion through a carrier protein because galactose is polar
Explain how countercurrent exchange aids in the maintenance of homeostasis.
Countercurrent exchange helps maintain homeostasis by allowing two fluids to flow in opposite directions, which preserves a concentration gradient along the entire system. This makes the transfer of heat, gases, or solutes more efficient.