Microscopy
alterations of light transmitted through the sample are translated into brightness changes
Phase contrast microscopy
Three fundamental theories unify all of biology
All living organisms are made of one or more cells
Cells are the basic structural/organizational unit of all organisms
All cells come from pre-existing cells
fundamental component of all cell membranes, providing structure and regulating the movement of substances in and out of the cell
Lipid Bilayer
Name some molecules that can move across a cell membrane by diffusion
CO2 and O2 can simply diffuse across the lipid bilayer
Channels open when the channel is bound to some molecule
Ligand Gated
Resolution depends
Resolution depends on the wavelength of light and the numerical aperture of the lens
involved in the synthesis of lipids, including phospholipids and cholesterol, which are essential components of cell membranes.
smooth ER
Located on the surface of the cell membrane, either on the extracellular or cytoplasmic side. They are attached to the membrane through weak, non-covalent interactions
Peripheral Protein
discriminate on the basis of size and electric charge
A channel
Membrane potential
voltage difference across a membrane due to a slight excess of positive ions on one side and of negative ions on the other.
Ideal for studying the internal composition of cells, tissues, and materials at the molecular or atomic level
TEM
Central Dogma
DNA to RNA to Protein
Draw a structure of a typical phospholipid
choline- phosphate-glycerol-hydrocarbon tails
Harnesses energy to transport, this energy source can come from ATP hydrolysis, a transmembrane ion gradient, or sunlight
Active Transport
This transporter _______Actively transports ____ out of the cell and _____into the cell; it creates an electrochemical gradient. This gradient is vital for generating action potentials in nerve and muscle cells.
Sodium Potassium pump, Sodium and Potassium
Type of microscopy to visualize co-localization of proteins
Fluorescence microscopy
two things about Nucleus
double membrane
pores
houses the cell's genetic material
how are the membrane and its proteins protected from damage
Carbohydrate layer
Getting glucose in the apical side of the epithelial cell use?
glucose sodium symport - using the energy of Na+ gradient to actively import glucose
Restoring the membrane potential. Two items
sodium-potassium pump
voltage-gated potassium pump
Draw how Fluorescence Microscopy works.
First barrier filter, beam splitting mirror, second barrier filter
Model organisms with 959 cells that can be used to observe organ development under the microscope
C. elegans or roundworm
Liposomes have several important applications in scientific research and medicine. How are they made?
When a researcher uses a mild detergent to extract lipids, they can maintain protein activity. If the detergent concentration is reduced, membrane proteins become insoluble. In the presence of excess phospholipids, these proteins incorporate into small liposomes that form spontaneously.
this type of transporter uses H+ gradient across the membrane to drive the synthesis of ATP from ADP in the electron transport chain
F-type ATPases
Deactivation of sodium channel
Involves a structural change where an "inactivation gate" blocks the channel, stopping the flow of sodium ions despite the channel being open. In the refractory period, the channel can't be opened again ensuring the action potential moves in one direction and allows for recovery time.