Chemistry
The subatomic particles that count toward atomic mass.
What are protons and neutrons?
The P in ATP.
Phosphate.
The four major classes of macromolecules.
What are carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins?
What are peptide bonds?
Organelles that were originally engulfed prokaryotes, according to the endosymbiosis theory.
What are chloroplasts and mitochondria?
The concentration of [H+] ions in a solution.
What is pH?
The two functional groups every amino acid contains.
What are an amino group (-NH2) and a carboxyl group (-COOH)?
The three major sub-classes of lipids.
What are steroids, phospholipids, and fats.
The two main types of secondary structure formed by hydrogen bonding along the backbone.
What are alpha helices and beta pleated sheets?
Organelle that sorts and ships proteins.
What is the Golgi apparatus?
The number of valence electrons in a fully-bonded carbon atom.
4 bonds x 2 electrons per bond =
8 total valence electrons.
The two sub-types of carbonyl, and what distinguishes them.
An aldehyde (on the end of a molecule) and a ketone (in the middle of a molecule)
The monomer of proteins.
What is an amino acid?
The degree of structure that determines all degrees of structure.
What is primary structure?
This organelle contains hydrolytic enzymes and is responsible for breaking down macromolecules and damaged cell parts.
What is the lysosome?
The measure of an atom’s ability to attract electrons in a covalent bond.
What is electronegativity?
This functional group stabilizes protein structure by forming strong cross-links.
What is a sulfhydryl group (-SH)?
The bond that links two monosaccharides.
What is a glycosidic bond?
The minimum level of structure at which a protein is stable enough to exist independently.
What is tertiary structure?
This network provides structural support, intracellular transport, and motility, and is made of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments.
What is the cytoskeleton?
Molecules with the same atoms but different 3D arrangements, like left- vs. right-handed versions.
Enantiomers (a type of isomer)
All seven of the essential functional groups.
What are Hydroxyl (OH), Carbonyl (C=O), Carboxyl (OH-C=O), Sulfhydryl (S-H), Amino (-NH2), Methyl (-CH3), and Phosphate (PO4-)
A dehydration reaction accomplishes this.
What is synthesizing monomers into polymers/macromolecules?
The 5 molecular forces that characterize tertiary protein structure.
What are hydrogen bonds, disulphide bonds, ionic bonds, and hydrophobic interactions, and Van der Waals forces?
The model that describes the membrane as proteins floating in a bilayer.
What is the fluid mosaic model?