The Cell
The three components of Cytoskeleton and proteins associated with them.
•Microfilaments—thin filaments composed of the protein actin
•Intermediate filaments—mid-sized between microfilaments and microtubules (many proteins don't have to know specific)
•Microtubules—large, hollow tubes of tubulin proteins
All about Cancer
1)The agents that cause cancer are __________.
2)The spread of cancer to other areas __________.
3)Contrast Malignant and Benign tumors.
1) Mutagens are agents that cause mutations
2) Metastasis is the spread of cancer to other areas
3) Benign tumor: Contained, not life threatening unless large
Malignant tumor: Spreads into surrounding tissues (invasion)
Functions of epithelial tissue (hint: there are 4 major)
Provide physical protection
Control permeability
Provide sensation
Produce specialized secretions
Functions of Connective tissue
1) Provide strength and stability
2) Maintain positions of internal organs
3) Provide routes for blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
Establishing a structural framework for the body
Transporting fluids and dissolved materials
Protecting delicate organs
Supporting, surrounding, and interconnecting other types of tissue
Storing energy reserves, especially triglycerides
Defending the body from invading microorganisms
The two major layers of the Dermis
Papillary layer and Reticular layer
All about Mitochondria
1) What is the structure of Mitochondria
2) What function does this structure allow for them to do?
1) Structure:
-Smooth outer membrane
-Inner membrane has numerous folds (cristae) to increase surface area
-Cristae surround fluid contents (matrix)
2) Take chemical energy from food (glucose) and produce the energy molecule ATP
1) Cell division is stimulated by_____ and/or _______.
2) Cell division is inhibited by ______ and/or_______.
1) Internal factors (M-phase promoting factor, MPF)
Extracellular chemical factors (growth factors)
2) Repressor genes (faulty repressors cause cancers)
Worn out telomeres (terminal DNA segments)
1) __________epithelia is found in urinary bladder because it can _______________________________.
Transitional epithelia; tolerate repeated cycles of stretching without damage
What is Bullosa Pemphigoid?
•Autoimmune disorder
•Antibodies are directed towards proteins present in desmosomes therefore not able to connect cells together
1) The _______ connects the dermis to underlying tissues
2) What is it mainly composed of?
2) List the three functions of it.
1) subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)
2) large amounts of adipocytes (fat cells)
3) •Provides insulation to help reduce heat loss
•Serves as an energy reserve
•Acts as a shock absorber for the body
1) Function of Lysosomes
2) Function of Peroxisomes
1) Lysosomes:
-Powerful enzyme-containing vesicles produced by Golgi apparatus
-Function to destroy bacteria, break down molecules, and recycle damaged organelles
2) Peroxisomes:
-Break down organic compounds such as fatty acids
-Can produce and break down hydrogen peroxide
List atleast 4 components of Nucleus and their function.
1) Nuclear matrix
•Support filaments
2) Nucleoli
•Synthesize rRNA and assemble ribosomal subunits
3) Nucleosome (DNA coiled around histones)
•Loosely coiled into chromatin in non-dividing cells
•Tightly coiled chromosomes form before division
4) Nuclear envelope
•Double membrane around the nucleus
5) Perinuclear space
•Between the two layers of the nuclear envelope
6) Nuclear pores
•Communication passages in nuclear envelope
1) Function of Simple squamous epithelia
2) Mesothelium lines _______.
Endothelium lines ______.
1) Function: Absorption and diffusion
2) Mesothelium: Lines body cavities
Endothelium: lining of heart and blood vessels
1) Explain what fasciae is.
2) List the three layers of fasciae.
1) Connective tissue layers and wrappings that support and surround organs
2) Superficial fascia, Deep fascia, Subserous fascia
1) _______ and ________provide strength and elasticity to dermis
2) Briefly explain the function of each
1) Collagen and elastic fibers
2) Collagen Fibers: Very strong, resist stretching & Limit flexibility to prevent damage to tissue
Elastic Fibers: Permit stretching and then recoil to original length & Provide flexibility to tissue
All about Endoplasmic Reticulum
1) What is the structure? (hint: storage chambers)
2) What are the two types and how are they different?
3) What are the functions of ER? (hint: there are 4)
1) Contains storage chambers known as cisternae
2) Smooth ER- No attached ribosomes
Rough ER- Ribosomes attached
3) Functions:
Synthesis of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids
Storage of synthesized molecules and materials
Transport of materials within the ER
Detoxification of drugs or toxins
1) Function of Golgi Apparatus (hint: there are 4)
Modifies and packages secretions: such as hormones or enzymes, for release from cell
Adds or removes carbohydrates to or from proteins
Renews or modifies the plasma membrane
Packages special enzymes within vesicles (lysosomes) for use in the cytoplasm
1) What disease caused by disruption of hemidesmosomes?
2) Briefly explain what is reason for this.
3) Is this genetic or autoimmune?
1) Epidermolysis Bullosa
2) Cells are not anchored to basement membrane
3) Genetic
1) The function of Simple cuboidal epithelia and where it is found.
2) The location of where Stratified cuboidal epithelia is found.
1) Function: Secretion and absorption
Location: Glands and portions of kidney tubules
2) Location: Ducts of sweat glands and mammary glands
List the three functions of hair.
Protection
•Protect scalp from UV radiation & light impacts
•Guard openings from foreign particles & insects
Insulation – keeps skin from losing heat
Sensation – base of hairs contain sensory receptors
This is a 3 part question about Plasma Membrane
1) Name the functions of plasma membrane (hint: there are 4).
2) The properties of plasma membrane structure.
3) List the extensions of the plasma membrane and their function.
1) Functions of the plasma membrane:
-Physical isolation (Barrier)
-Regulation of exchange with the environment (Ions and nutrients enter while wastes eliminated and cellular products released)
-Sensitivity to the environment (Extracellular fluid composition and chemical signals)
-Structural support (Anchors cells and tissues)
2) Phospholipid bilayer:
-Hydrophilic heads—face outward on both sides, toward watery environments
-Hydrophobic fatty-acid tails—inside membrane, barrier to ions and water-soluble compounds
Membrane proteins: Integral and Peripheral
3) Cilia (singular, cilium): Slender extensions of plasma membrane that move fluids across the cell surface
-A primary cilium is nonmotile and senses environmental stimuli
-Motile cilia are found on cells lining the respiratory and reproductive tracts
Microvilli: Increase surface area for absorption
The steps in M phase and their brief explanation
Mitosis
•Duplication of chromosomes in the nucleus and their separation into two identical sets
•A continuous process consisting of several stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
Cytokinesis
•Division of the cytoplasm
•Produces two daughter cells
1) Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome is caused by_______
2) It results in __________.
3) It is diagnosed through _______.
4) It is treated with _______.
1) Caused by mutations in collagen or proteins interacting with collagen
2) Hypermobile (stretchy) skin and joints, fragile vessels (prone to aneurysms), easy bruising
3) Characteristics of symptoms, examining joints & skin, and DNA studies that identify mutation
4) Supportive care through physiotherapy and orthopedic instruments (brace, cast, wheelchair)
1) Symptoms of Marfan's Syndrome.
2) The Cause of Marfan's Syndrome.
1) Tall and thin appearance, Curve sternum and spine, Eye issues (lens subluxation), Heart problems, & Blood vessel problems
2) Caused by a mutation in Fibrillin a component of elastic tissue
What are steps to repair after injury (hint: there are 4)
1) Inflammation phase
2) Migration phase
3) Proliferation phase
4) Scarring phase