Ch. 1
Define Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy is the study of internal and external structures and their relationships
Physiology is the study of function
Sucrose, maltose, lactose are examples of
Disaccharides
Loosely coiled DNA in non-dividing cells
Chromatin
What are the 3 components of homeostatic regulation and what does each one do?
Receptor: sensor that receives stimulus
Control center: processes information from the receptor and sends instructions to the effector
Effector: carries out the instructions
What is the definitions of an ION
Atoms of the same element with different numbers of electrons
What are the two mechanisms of homeostatic regulation? Describe them.
Autoregulation (intrinsic) is an automatic response in cell, tissue, or organ to environmental change
Extrinsic Regulation are responded controlled by the nervous and endocrine systems
Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons
Isotopes
Intracellular matrix compared to extracellular matrix
Higher K+, Lower Na+
Higher proteins
Higher carbohydrates, amino acids, and fats
The antecubital is ____________ to the carpal
Proximal
All reactions occurring at one time in a person's body
Metabolism
Which feedback is rare, occurs when dangerous or stressful processes need to be quickly completed, and the effector further amplifies the stimulus?
Positive
Long chains of C and H with a carboxyl group at one end
Fatty Acids
What is the non dividing period in a cell life cycle
Interphase
________tumors spread into surrounding tissues
Malignant
Describe Free & Fixed Ribosomes
Free ribosomes are in the cytoplasm and manufacture proteins to be used directly in the cytosol
Fixed ribosomes are attached to ER and manufacture proteins for secretion or for membrane-bound organelles
What organs are in the retroperitoneal space?
Pancreas, Kidneys, Ureters, and Parts of digestive tract
What are the functions of Proteins
Structural Support
Movement
Transport hormones, lipids, gases, and minerals
Maintain pH
Enzymes regulate metabolism
Hormones
Defense
Active Transport VS. Passive Transport
Active requires energy, low [ ] to high [ ], and goes against the concentration gradient
Passive does not require energy, high [ ] to low [ ], and goes with the concentration gradient
What are the stages of mitosis?
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
What is composed of C, H, O, N, and P
Nucleic Acids
What covers the outer surface of each lung?
Visceral pleura
Define: Covalent (Polar & Nonpolar), Ionic, and Hydrogen Bonding
Covalent bonds: involve sharing pairs of electrons between atoms to make them stable
Polar: Unequal sharing of electrons
Nonpolar: Equal sharing of electrons
Ionic bonds: involves an electron donor and electron acceptor; the electron donor becomes a cation (+) and the electron acceptor becomes an anion (-)
Hydrogen bonds: involve slightly positive and slightly negative portions of polar molecules being attracted to one another
Translation steps :)
1) mRNA moves from the nucleus and binds to a ribosome in cytoplasm or RER
2) tRNA binds to the ribosome and mRNA and delivers an amino acid
3) The ribosome moves down the mRNA strand one codon at a time, & complementary tRNA brings in an aa
4) Enzymes release the amino acids for the tRNAs and form a polypeptide
5) At the stop codon, components separate
Explain what would happen to a cell that was put into a hypertonic solution
Water would move out of the cell causing the cell to shrink (crenation)
Transcription steps :)
1) DNA uncoils
2) RNA polymerase binds to start of gene in DNA and makes complementary mRNA strand
3) At stop signal, RNA polymerase and mRNA detach from the DNA molecule