Exam 1
Autosomal dominant (examples)
Autosomal recessive (examples)
Huntington, Marfan, Adult polycystic kidney
Sickle cell, cystic fibrosis
X linked dominant (examples)
X linked recessive (examples)
Fragile X
Color blindness, hemophilia A, Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Cancer warning signs
Benign versus malignant
•Change in bowel habits
•A sore that does not heal
•Unusual bleeding/discharge
•Thickening of a lump
•Indigestion/difficulty swallowing
•Obvious change in mole
•Nagging cough/hoarseness
Pressure ulcer
Causes
increased age, loss of sensation, incontinent, inadequate circulation, sedentary/immobile
Pressure ulcer Stages 1-4
1: The skin is discolored. The skin appears red with lighter skin or blue/purple in darker skin tones. When pressing on the area, it does not balance (white) and the temperature may be altered compared to surrounding tissue. The fastest healing ulcer occurs in this stage.
2:top layer missing, looks like blister
3: The skin damage is deeper, extending to the adipose layer of the skin.
4:The skin is severely damaged, extending to the muscles and bones. This is the most dangerous stage as infection can be life-threatening to the individual.
Down Syndrome characteristics
Small head at birth, flattened nose and face, missing a rib, intestinal blockage, enlarged colon, abnormal pelvis, short broad hands, simian crease, short finger, cleft lip, big wrinkled large tongue, slanted eyes, white spots in the eyes (Bushfield), narrowed ear canals, umbilical hernia.
Define:
Anaplasia
Hypertrophy
Metaplasia
Anaplasia: •cells that are undifferentiated, have variable cell structures, and many miotic figures
Hypertrophy:•an increase in the size of cells leading to an enlarged tissue mass
Metaplasia:•replacement of a mature cell type with another mature cell type
Atrophy
Dysplasia
Neoplasia
Hyperplasia
Atrophy: •a decrease in the size of cells leading to reduced tissue mass
Dysplasia: •change in the size, shape, and reproduction of cells
Neoplasia: •means new cell growth and usually refers to cancer
Hyperplasia: •an increase in the number of cells leading to an enlarged tissue mass
Causes of delayed wound healing
Lack of protein and carbs (malnutrition)
Obesity/sedentary
elevated glucose levels
contamination (urine/feces)
smoking
chronic diseases
Inflammation: definition, labs, defenses
Inflammation: vasodilation causing hyperemia and cells to enter site. Histamine and prostaglandins come to site.
labs: CRP, ESR, CBC (wbc),
•First line: non specific: skin and mucus membranes
•Second line: non specific: phagocytosis, inflammation
•Third line: specific: antibodies or sensitized T lymphocytes
Hypersensitivity reactions and immunoglobulins
active/passive, natural/artificial
•Type I: Allergic reaction Hay fever/food allergy
•Type II: Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity Incompatible Blood
•Type III: Immune Complex Hypersensitivity Autoimmune
•Type IV: Cell-mediated or Delayed hypersensitivity TB test
IgG; most common in the blood, passes placenta
IgM: first to increase in immune response
IgA: found in secretions
IgE: cause the release of histamine, allergy
IgD: activates B cells
suffix -itis
inflammation!
Local versus systemic
Immunodeficiency
Autoimmune
At the site versus vague
lack of immune system (HIV, chemo, radiation, neonates, older)
body destroys self
Provide examples of lesions
•Surgical Laceration or cut in the skin
•Thin wall lesion with clear fluid
•Wound caused by lack of blood flow and oxygen.
•Break in the skin allowing bacteria to enter
•Wound caused by scraping or erosion of the tissue
•Area where blood capillaries have ruptured. Also known as bruise.
•Abnormal growth of tissue, characteristic of cancer.
•A deep cut or tear in the skin.
•A wound caused by heat or fire to the skin.
Anaphylaxis
local versus systemic
Which hypersensitivity reaction is this?
•Systemic allergic reaction
•Swelling to the face, tongue, throat, or airway
•Hives, flushed skin, nausea, dizziness
•All of this occurs due to immune response to an allergen. Mast cells stimulate histamine release which dilates blood vessels, increase heart rate.
Type 1: allergic reaction, IgE