Vertebral Column
2 types of vertebral curvatures
Kyphosis- primary curvature, anterior concave, thoracic and sacral
Lordosis- secondary curvature, posterior concave, lumbar and sacral
three types of joints
fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
ligament referred to as "yellow ligament" BONUS 100- what it connects
ligametum flavumm, connects lamina to lamina
3 categories/ layers of back muscles BONUS 100- what muscles are in each
superficial- splenius capiti and splenius cervicisss
intermediate- erector spinaee
deep- transversospinalis group
where does the spinal cord terminate
L1-L2
unique features of cervical vertebrae
bifid spinous process, anterior and posterior tubercle of transverse process, transverse foramen, uncut, groove foe spinal nerve
3 types of fibrous joints w/ example of each
sutures- skull
syndesmosis- interosseous membrane between radius and ulna
gomphosis- teeth
when bending over, what ligament will stop you from flexing too much
posterior longitudinal ligament, supraspinous ligament, ligamentum nuchea (neck)
contralateral contraction of the erect spinaee group will cause what movement
extension of the spine
where does the C6 spinal nerve emerges from
the intervertebral foramen above the C6 vertebrae
If someone is in the late stage of pregnancy, how will it affect their vertebral column?
increased lordosis/swayback
2 types of cartilaginous joints w/ examples
synchondrosis- costal cartilage between ribs and sternum
symphysis- pubic and IVD
If someone continuously rotates and flexes their trunk repeatedly what can it lead to?
bulged disc
3 muscles that make up the transversospinalis group
semispinalis (wapitis, cervicuss, thoracic)
multifidus
rotatores
lumbar cistern
space between the medullary cone and the termination of the dural sac
direction of the superior/inferior articular facets of each segment
cervical- 45 degree angle
thoracic- superior faces posteriorly, inferior faces anteriorly
lumbar- superior faces medially, inferior faces laterally
most common type of joint in the body
synovial
contents of IVD tissue
high levels of proteoglycan
when turning your head to the right, which specious muscle is contracting
right (ipsilateral rotation)
what is a dermatome
A defined area of skin receiving sensory nerves from one area of the spinal nerve
what attaches to the mammillary process of lumbar vertebrae
multifidus
6 times of synovial joints with examples
hinge- knee, elbow, fingers
pivot- cervical vertebrae
ellipsoid- wrist
saddle- small carpal bones with thumb
ball and socket- hip, shoulder
gliding- tarsal bones
why do we lose height as we age
bone loss as well as the IVD does not bind to water as well so the pressure put on IVD "deflates" it
common origin of erector spinaee group
iliac crest and posterior surface of sacrum
what is a spinal tap
a procedure where they insert a needle between the L4-L5 vertebrae to extract CSF to diagnose illnesses